An Evaluation of Regulations in the 19th Century Ottoman Legal System from the Perspective of Institutional Economics: An Application on New Court Records

Halime Alkan; Kemal Pekçoşkun

Makale detayları

An Evaluation of Regulations in the 19th Century Ottoman Legal System from the Perspective of Institutional Economics: An Application on New Court Records

Yazarlar:

Halime Alkan | Kemal Pekçoşkun

Yayıncı:

Ataturk University

Ana Başlıklar:

Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer) | Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer) | Osmanlı Toplumu | Uluslararası Tarih

Dergi:

Turcology Research Issue 79, pp.111-123

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001311267

pISSN:

2822-2725

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 In the nineteenth century, Ottoman law took on a structure consisting of Islamic law and European law. In this period, European law was cited in some areas, whereas Islamic law was codified in other areas. In addition, in the organization of the judiciary, the courts in which European and Islamic laws were to be applied were initially separated. In this context, since the beginning of the nineteenth century, the jurisdiction of the commercial councils, which were established to adjudicate cases involving foreigners according to European laws and customs, was expanded to hear all commercial cases. This made the commercial courts the competent authority in the commercial field for all identities Muslims, non-Muslims, and foreigners in the Ottoman Empire. Subsequently, the jurisdiction of the Sharia courts qadi courts was restricted, and the Nizamiye courts were established. It was decided to hear disputes on some issues not regulated by the Commercial Code in these courts. However, despite the arrangements made, the deficiencies in the judicial organization and the possibility of bias towards the religions of the parties in the trial were decisive in the court preference of the litigants. Accordingly, this study aims to explain the factors that affect the victory of Muslims and non-Muslims in cases as a result of the arrangements made in the Ottoman legal system in the nineteenth century with the help of the chi-square independence test by using the data obtained from Ceride-i Mehâkim. The results show that there are significant relationships between the religious identities of the litigants, their gender, the type of court, the type of transactions, the location of the courts, referring to the law in adjudicating, and the variables of winning according to religious identity.

 In the nineteenth century, Ottoman law took on a structure consisting of Islamic law and European law. In this period, European law was cited in some areas, whereas Islamic law was codified in other areas. In addition, in the organization of the judiciary, the courts in which European and Islamic laws were to be applied were initially separated. In this context, since the beginning of the nineteenth century, the jurisdiction of the commercial councils, which were established to adjudicate cases involving foreigners according to European laws and customs, was expanded to hear all commercial cases. This made the commercial courts the competent authority in the commercial field for all identities Muslims, non-Muslims, and foreigners in the Ottoman Empire. Subsequently, the jurisdiction of the Sharia courts qadi courts was restricted, and the Nizamiye courts were established. It was decided to hear disputes on some issues not regulated by the Commercial Code in these courts. However, despite the arrangements made, the deficiencies in the judicial organization and the possibility of bias towards the religions of the parties in the trial were decisive in the court preference of the litigants. Accordingly, this study aims to explain the factors that affect the victory of Muslims and non-Muslims in cases as a result of the arrangements made in the Ottoman legal system in the nineteenth century with the help of the chi-square independence test by using the data obtained from Ceride-i Mehâkim. The results show that there are significant relationships between the religious identities of the litigants, their gender, the type of court, the type of transactions, the location of the courts, referring to the law in adjudicating, and the variables of winning according to religious identity.

 In the nineteenth century, Ottoman law took on a structure consisting of Islamic law and European law. In this period, European law was cited in some areas, whereas Islamic law was codified in other areas. In addition, in the organization of the judiciary, the courts in which European and Islamic laws were to be applied were initially separated. In this context, since the beginning of the nineteenth century, the jurisdiction of the commercial councils, which were established to adjudicate cases involving foreigners according to European laws and customs, was expanded to hear all commercial cases. This made the commercial courts the competent authority in the commercial field for all identities Muslims, non-Muslims, and foreigners in the Ottoman Empire. Subsequently, the jurisdiction of the Sharia courts qadi courts was restricted, and the Nizamiye courts were established. It was decided to hear disputes on some issues not regulated by the Commercial Code in these courts. However, despite the arrangements made, the deficiencies in the judicial organization and the possibility of bias towards the religions of the parties in the trial were decisive in the court preference of the litigants. Accordingly, this study aims to explain the factors that affect the victory of Muslims and non-Muslims in cases as a result of the arrangements made in the Ottoman legal system in the nineteenth century with the help of the chi-square independence test by using the data obtained from Ceride-i Mehâkim. The results show that there are significant relationships between the religious identities of the litigants, their gender, the type of court, the type of transactions, the location of the courts, referring to the law in adjudicating, and the variables of winning according to religious identity.

 On dokuzuncu yüzyılda Osmanlı hukuku, İslam hukuku ve Batı hukukundan oluşan bir yapıya bürünmüştür. Bu dönemde kimi alanlarda Batılı kanunlar iktibas edilmiş, kimi alanlarda ise İslam hukukunun kodifikasyonuna gidilmiştir. Buna ek olarak adli teşkilatlanmada da başlangıçta Batılı kanunlar ve İslam hukuku kaynaklı kanunların uygulanacağı mahkemeler birbirinden ayrılmıştır. Bu kapsamda on dokuzuncu yüzyılın başından itibaren önce yabancıların taraf olduğu davaların görülmesi için teşkil edilen ve Batılı kanunlarla Batının ticari örf ve âdetlerine göre hüküm veren ticaret meclislerinin yetki alanı, tüm ticaret davalarının görülmesi için genişletilmiştir. Böylece ticaret mahkemeleri, Osmanlıdaki tüm kimlikler Müslümanlar, gayrimüslimler ve yabancılar için ticari sahada yetkili merci hâline getirilmiştir. Ardından şeriyye mahkemelerinin yetki alanı daraltılarak nizamiye mahkemeleri kurulmuştur. Bu mahkemelerde ise Ticaret Kanununda düzenlenmeyen birtakım konulara ilişkin anlaşmazlıkların görülmesine karar verilmiştir. Ancak yapılan düzenlemelere rağmen adli teşkilatlanmadaki eksiklikler ve yargılamada dinî cihetten taraflılık olması ihtimali, tarafların mahkeme tercihinde belirleyici olmuştur. Buna göre çalışmada temel olarak on dokuzuncu yüzyıl Osmanlı hukuk sisteminde yapılan düzenlemeler sonucunda Müslümanların ve gayrimüslimlerin davaları kazanmalarında etkili olan faktörler, Ceride-i Mehâkimden elde edilen veriler kullanılarak Ki-kare bağımsızlık testi yardımıyla açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ulaşılan sonuçlar, tarafların dinî kimlikleri, cinsiyetleri, mahkeme türü, işlem türü, davanın görüldüğü yer ve hüküm verilirken kanuna atıf yapma değişkenleri ile dini kimliğe göre kazanma değişkeni arasında anlamlı ilişkilerin olduğunu göstermektedir.

Makale detayları

An Evaluation of Regulations in the 19th Century Ottoman Legal System from the Perspective of Institutional Economics: An Application on New Court Records

Yazarlar:

Halime Alkan | Kemal Pekçoşkun

Yayıncı:

Ataturk University

Ana Başlıklar:

Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer) | Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer) | Osmanlı Toplumu | Uluslararası Tarih

Dergi:

Turcology Research Issue 79, pp.111-123

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001311267

pISSN:

2822-2725

Commercial Court

Chi-square Test

Nizamiye CourtTicaret Mahkemesi

Ki-kare Testi

Nizamiye Mahkemesi

Sayı

Makale detayları

An Evaluation of Regulations in the 19th Century Ottoman Legal System from the Perspective of Institutional Economics: An Application on New Court Records

Yazarlar: Halime Alkan | Kemal Pekçoşkun

Yayıncı: Ataturk University

Ana Başlıklar: Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer) | Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer) | Osmanlı Toplumu | Uluslararası Tarih

Dergi: Turcology Research Issue 79, pp.111-123

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 1/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001311267

pISSN: 2822-2725

Commercial Court

Chi-square Test

Nizamiye CourtTicaret Mahkemesi

Ki-kare Testi

Nizamiye Mahkemesi

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Halime Alkan | Kemal Pekçoşkun

Yayıncı:

Ataturk University

Ana Başlıklar:

Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer) | Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer) | Osmanlı Toplumu | Uluslararası Tarih

Dergi:

Turcology Research Issue 79, pp.111-123

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001311267

pISSN:

2822-2725