The Alliance between Madrasa and Sufi Lodge in the Late Ottoman Era: Scholarly Support for Mawlānā Khālid al-Baghdādī

Mehmet Saki Çakır

Makale detayları

The Alliance between Madrasa and Sufi Lodge in the Late Ottoman Era: Scholarly Support for Mawlānā Khālid al-Baghdādī

Yazarlar:

Mehmet Saki Çakır

Yayıncı:

Hakan YILMAZ

Ana Başlıklar:

Karşılaştırmalı Dini Araştırmalar

Dergi:

Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi Vol.12 Issue 2, pp.1043-1059

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

3/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001343349

pISSN:

2148-2292

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Sufism, has occasionally been subject to criticism by scholars ʿulamāʾ who focused on the exoteric ẓāhir aspects of religious practice. Nevertheless, sufis who demonstrated strict adherence to Sharīʿa principles were generally acknowledged and supported by the ʿulamāʾ. A clear example of this phenomenon can be observed in the Khalidiyya branch of the Naqshbandiyya order. Established in the 19th century by Mawlānā Khālid al-Baghdādī d. 12421827, the Khalidiyya order was, over time, exposed to various criticisms and allegations. As these complaints and criticisms began to be recorded in written form and transformed into accusatory treatises, several scholars affiliated with Mawlānā Khālid responded by composing refutations and epistles to defend him. This study focuses on three of these scholars and the works they authored in defense of Mawlānā Khālid. These are: the eminent jurist Ibn ʿĀbidīn, and his refutative treatise Sall al-Ḥusām; the renowned Qurʾānic exegete Shihāb al-Dīn al-Ālūsī, who expressed supportive views regarding Khālid; and ʿAllāma Muḥammad Amīn al-Suwaydī, author of Dafʿ al-Ẓalūm. Ibn ʿĀbidīn composed his treatise as a rebuttal to the defamatory epistle written by ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Sūsī, a former khalīfa of Mawlānā Khālid who had been dismissed. Shihāb al-Dīn al-Ālūsī, who studied under Mawlānā Khālid, emphasized that most of the criticisms directed at him stemmed either from worldly motives or from ignorance. Muḥammad Amīn al-Suwaydī, on the other hand, composed a rebuttal against the risāla written by ʿUthmān Jalīlī, which contained severe accusations against Khālid.

 Sufism, has occasionally been subject to criticism by scholars ʿulamāʾ who focused on the exoteric ẓāhir aspects of religious practice. Nevertheless, sufis who demonstrated strict adherence to Sharīʿa principles were generally acknowledged and supported by the ʿulamāʾ. A clear example of this phenomenon can be observed in the Khalidiyya branch of the Naqshbandiyya order. Established in the 19th century by Mawlānā Khālid al-Baghdādī d. 12421827, the Khalidiyya order was, over time, exposed to various criticisms and allegations. As these complaints and criticisms began to be recorded in written form and transformed into accusatory treatises, several scholars affiliated with Mawlānā Khālid responded by composing refutations and epistles to defend him. This study focuses on three of these scholars and the works they authored in defense of Mawlānā Khālid. These are: the eminent jurist Ibn ʿĀbidīn, and his refutative treatise Sall al-Ḥusām; the renowned Qurʾānic exegete Shihāb al-Dīn al-Ālūsī, who expressed supportive views regarding Khālid; and ʿAllāma Muḥammad Amīn al-Suwaydī, author of Dafʿ al-Ẓalūm. Ibn ʿĀbidīn composed his treatise as a rebuttal to the defamatory epistle written by ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Sūsī, a former khalīfa of Mawlānā Khālid who had been dismissed. Shihāb al-Dīn al-Ālūsī, who studied under Mawlānā Khālid, emphasized that most of the criticisms directed at him stemmed either from worldly motives or from ignorance. Muḥammad Amīn al-Suwaydī, on the other hand, composed a rebuttal against the risāla written by ʿUthmān Jalīlī, which contained severe accusations against Khālid.

 Sufism, has occasionally been subject to criticism by scholars ʿulamāʾ who focused on the exoteric ẓāhir aspects of religious practice. Nevertheless, sufis who demonstrated strict adherence to Sharīʿa principles were generally acknowledged and supported by the ʿulamāʾ. A clear example of this phenomenon can be observed in the Khalidiyya branch of the Naqshbandiyya order. Established in the 19th century by Mawlānā Khālid al-Baghdādī d. 12421827, the Khalidiyya order was, over time, exposed to various criticisms and allegations. As these complaints and criticisms began to be recorded in written form and transformed into accusatory treatises, several scholars affiliated with Mawlānā Khālid responded by composing refutations and epistles to defend him. This study focuses on three of these scholars and the works they authored in defense of Mawlānā Khālid. These are: the eminent jurist Ibn ʿĀbidīn, and his refutative treatise Sall al-Ḥusām; the renowned Qurʾānic exegete Shihāb al-Dīn al-Ālūsī, who expressed supportive views regarding Khālid; and ʿAllāma Muḥammad Amīn al-Suwaydī, author of Dafʿ al-Ẓalūm. Ibn ʿĀbidīn composed his treatise as a rebuttal to the defamatory epistle written by ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Sūsī, a former khalīfa of Mawlānā Khālid who had been dismissed. Shihāb al-Dīn al-Ālūsī, who studied under Mawlānā Khālid, emphasized that most of the criticisms directed at him stemmed either from worldly motives or from ignorance. Muḥammad Amīn al-Suwaydī, on the other hand, composed a rebuttal against the risāla written by ʿUthmān Jalīlī, which contained severe accusations against Khālid.

 Tasavvuf, zaman zaman dinin zâhirine yoğunlaşan ulemâ tarafından eleştirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, şerî hassasiyetlere riayet eden sûfîler, ulemâ tarafından benimsenmiş ve desteklenmiştir. Bu duruma Nakşibendiyye tarikatının Halidiyye kolu açık bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. XIX. yüzyılda Mevlânâ Halid Bağdâdî ö. 12421827 tarafından kurulan Halidiyye, zaman içerisinde çeşitli eleştire ve ithamlara maruz kalmıştır. Şikâyet ve eleştiriler, zamanla muhalifler tarafından yazılan eserlerde yer bulan ithamlara dönüşünce, Mevlânâ Hâlide intisap etmiş bulunan ulemâ, bu iddialara karşı reddiye mahiyetinde eser ve mektuplar kaleme almışlardır. Bu çalışmada söz konusu âlimlerden üçü ve bunlara ait eserler ele alınmaktadır. Bunlar, dönemin önde gelen fakihlerinden İbn Âbidîn ve onun Sellül-hüsâm adlı reddiyesi; müfessir Şihabüddin Alûsînin Mevlânâ Hâlide dair destekleyici görüşleri; ve Allâme Muhammed Emin Süveydînin Defʿuẓ-ẓalûm adlı eseridir. İbn Âbidîn, eserini Mevlânâ Halidin azlettiği halifesi Abdülvehhab es-Sûsînin yazmış olduğu karalama mahiyetindeki risaleye cevap olarak yazmıştır. Şihabüddin Alûsî ise Mevlânâ Halide yöneltilen eleştirilerin çoğunun dünyevî garazlara yahut bilgisizliğe dayandığını vurgulamıştır. Muhammed Emin Süveydî ise Osman Celîlînin Mevlânâ Halide karşı ağır ithamlar içeren risalesine karşı bir reddiye kaleme almış ve bu risâledeki iddiaların ilmî ve objektif temele dayanmadığını ifade etmiştir.

Makale detayları

The Alliance between Madrasa and Sufi Lodge in the Late Ottoman Era: Scholarly Support for Mawlānā Khālid al-Baghdādī

Yazarlar:

Mehmet Saki Çakır

Yayıncı:

Hakan YILMAZ

Ana Başlıklar:

Karşılaştırmalı Dini Araştırmalar

Dergi:

Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi Vol.12 Issue 2, pp.1043-1059

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

3/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001343349

pISSN:

2148-2292

Sufism

Naqshbandiyya

Khalidiyya

ʿUlamāʾ

Theological RefutationsTasavvuf

Nakşibendiyye

Halidiyye

Ulemâ

Reddiye

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Mehmet Saki Çakır

Yayıncı: Hakan YILMAZ

Ana Başlıklar: Karşılaştırmalı Dini Araştırmalar

Dergi: Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi Vol.12 Issue 2, pp.1043-1059

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 3/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001343349

pISSN: 2148-2292

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Mehmet Saki Çakır

Yayıncı:

Hakan YILMAZ

Ana Başlıklar:

Karşılaştırmalı Dini Araştırmalar

Dergi:

Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi Vol.12 Issue 2, pp.1043-1059

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

3/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001343349

pISSN:

2148-2292