Cement Tiles in Public Buildings of the First National Architectural Movement Period: Samples of İzmir

Zeynep Özkan Tekneci; Aygül Uçar

Makale detayları

Cement Tiles in Public Buildings of the First National Architectural Movement Period: Samples of İzmir

Yazarlar:

Zeynep Özkan Tekneci | Aygül Uçar

Yayıncı:

Ege University

Ana Başlıklar:

Sanat Tarihi | Mimarlık Tarihi

Dergi:

Sanat Tarihi Dergisi Vol.33 Issue 2, pp.1023-1049

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001337673

pISSN:

1300-5707

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Cement tile is a flooring material used to decorate floors, walls, and façades as part of the architectural whole. Besides offering a decorative appearance, cement tiles are easy to clean and hygienic. This tiling material prepared with mixtures of pigmented cement, marble powder, white cement, and other minerals consists of three layers. The decorative, patterned, and pigmented layer is at the bottom during production and creates the top surface at the end of production. This patterned layer is prepared by pouring colored cement into the chambers in the partitioned molds. The other two layers, composed of different contents, facilitate the installation of the tile on the floor. Following the discovery of cement, cement tiles were first produced in France in the mid-19th century and spread to settlements around the Mediterranean and then around the whole world through trade routes. The misunderstanding of the French pronunciation caused this material to be known as karosiman in Ottoman times. This material was initially imported to cities such as Istanbul, Izmir, and Mersin, where much of the Ottoman-time Levantine population lived, soon becoming widespread throughout Anatolia and was used in many different building types during the Ottoman period. When examined specifically in the case of Izmir, cement tiles were generally used in residential buildings dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were also preferred to tile the floors of many public buildings, such as hospitals, schools, inns, cinemas, libraries, banks, and business halls built under the influence of the First National Architectural Movement. The First National Architectural Movement was influential in Turkish architecture between 1908 and 1930, a period that started with the declaration of the Second Constitutional Monarchy and covered important events such as the national struggles and the proclamation of the Republic. The public buildings in Izmir built in the First National Architectural Movement period mostly date to the 1920s. In terms of façade design, these buildings are characterized by decorative elements taken from Seljuk and Classical Ottoman architecture. Although the First National Architecture Movement is a style characterized by its façade features, it also influenced the interior decoration of the buildings. In parallel with the façade features, the use of pointed, flattened, and Bursa-type arches, column capitals with stalactites, and balustrades with interlaced geometric compositions draw attention to the interiors. In these buildings, cement tiles were used as flooring material but have become an element that complements the whole. Seljuk and Ottoman ornamental motifs such as tulips, carnations, multi-armed stars, and geometric interlaces were painted on the cement tiles. The spirit of the period was made to feel from the façades to the floors. This article aims to introduce the cement tiles used in the public buildings built during the First National Architecture Movement by considering the motif, color, and form features and the places where they were used and to emphasize their place in the period through samples in Izmir.

 Cement tile is a flooring material used to decorate floors, walls, and façades as part of the architectural whole. Besides offering a decorative appearance, cement tiles are easy to clean and hygienic. This tiling material prepared with mixtures of pigmented cement, marble powder, white cement, and other minerals consists of three layers. The decorative, patterned, and pigmented layer is at the bottom during production and creates the top surface at the end of production. This patterned layer is prepared by pouring colored cement into the chambers in the partitioned molds. The other two layers, composed of different contents, facilitate the installation of the tile on the floor. Following the discovery of cement, cement tiles were first produced in France in the mid-19th century and spread to settlements around the Mediterranean and then around the whole world through trade routes. The misunderstanding of the French pronunciation caused this material to be known as karosiman in Ottoman times. This material was initially imported to cities such as Istanbul, Izmir, and Mersin, where much of the Ottoman-time Levantine population lived, soon becoming widespread throughout Anatolia and was used in many different building types during the Ottoman period. When examined specifically in the case of Izmir, cement tiles were generally used in residential buildings dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were also preferred to tile the floors of many public buildings, such as hospitals, schools, inns, cinemas, libraries, banks, and business halls built under the influence of the First National Architectural Movement. The First National Architectural Movement was influential in Turkish architecture between 1908 and 1930, a period that started with the declaration of the Second Constitutional Monarchy and covered important events such as the national struggles and the proclamation of the Republic. The public buildings in Izmir built in the First National Architectural Movement period mostly date to the 1920s. In terms of façade design, these buildings are characterized by decorative elements taken from Seljuk and Classical Ottoman architecture. Although the First National Architecture Movement is a style characterized by its façade features, it also influenced the interior decoration of the buildings. In parallel with the façade features, the use of pointed, flattened, and Bursa-type arches, column capitals with stalactites, and balustrades with interlaced geometric compositions draw attention to the interiors. In these buildings, cement tiles were used as flooring material but have become an element that complements the whole. Seljuk and Ottoman ornamental motifs such as tulips, carnations, multi-armed stars, and geometric interlaces were painted on the cement tiles. The spirit of the period was made to feel from the façades to the floors. This article aims to introduce the cement tiles used in the public buildings built during the First National Architecture Movement by considering the motif, color, and form features and the places where they were used and to emphasize their place in the period through samples in Izmir.

 Cement tile is a flooring material used to decorate floors, walls, and façades as part of the architectural whole. Besides offering a decorative appearance, cement tiles are easy to clean and hygienic. This tiling material prepared with mixtures of pigmented cement, marble powder, white cement, and other minerals consists of three layers. The decorative, patterned, and pigmented layer is at the bottom during production and creates the top surface at the end of production. This patterned layer is prepared by pouring colored cement into the chambers in the partitioned molds. The other two layers, composed of different contents, facilitate the installation of the tile on the floor. Following the discovery of cement, cement tiles were first produced in France in the mid-19th century and spread to settlements around the Mediterranean and then around the whole world through trade routes. The misunderstanding of the French pronunciation caused this material to be known as karosiman in Ottoman times. This material was initially imported to cities such as Istanbul, Izmir, and Mersin, where much of the Ottoman-time Levantine population lived, soon becoming widespread throughout Anatolia and was used in many different building types during the Ottoman period. When examined specifically in the case of Izmir, cement tiles were generally used in residential buildings dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were also preferred to tile the floors of many public buildings, such as hospitals, schools, inns, cinemas, libraries, banks, and business halls built under the influence of the First National Architectural Movement. The First National Architectural Movement was influential in Turkish architecture between 1908 and 1930, a period that started with the declaration of the Second Constitutional Monarchy and covered important events such as the national struggles and the proclamation of the Republic. The public buildings in Izmir built in the First National Architectural Movement period mostly date to the 1920s. In terms of façade design, these buildings are characterized by decorative elements taken from Seljuk and Classical Ottoman architecture. Although the First National Architecture Movement is a style characterized by its façade features, it also influenced the interior decoration of the buildings. In parallel with the façade features, the use of pointed, flattened, and Bursa-type arches, column capitals with stalactites, and balustrades with interlaced geometric compositions draw attention to the interiors. In these buildings, cement tiles were used as flooring material but have become an element that complements the whole. Seljuk and Ottoman ornamental motifs such as tulips, carnations, multi-armed stars, and geometric interlaces were painted on the cement tiles. The spirit of the period was made to feel from the façades to the floors. This article aims to introduce the cement tiles used in the public buildings built during the First National Architecture Movement by considering the motif, color, and form features and the places where they were used and to emphasize their place in the period through samples in Izmir.

 Karosiman, mimari yapıların zemin ve cephe süslemelerinde kullanılan bir döşeme malzemesidir. Bu karolar döşendikleri alanları estetik açıdan güzelleştirirken aynı zamanda kolay temizlenebilir ve hijyenik mekânlar elde edilmesini sağlamaktadır. Karosimanlar; pigmentli çimento, mermer tozu, beyaz çimento ve diğer minerallerle hazırlanan bir karışımdan meydana gelir. Çimentonun keşfi sonrasında ilk kez 19. yüzyıl ortalarında Fransada üretilmeye başlanan karosiman ticaret yoluyla başta Akdeniz çevresine, buradan da tüm dünyaya yayılmıştır. Fransızca telaffuzunun yanlış anlaşılması bu malzemenin Osmanlıda karosiman adıyla tanınmasına yol açmıştır. Başlarda Osmanlının Levanten nüfus ağırlıklı İstanbul, İzmir, Mersin gibi kentlerine ithal olarak giren bu malzeme kısa sürede Anadoluda da moda olmuş, dönemin pek çok farklı yapı türünde kullanım alanı bulmuştur. İzmir özelinde bakıldığında, karosimanların genellikle 19. yüzyıl sonu ile 20. yüzyıl başına tarihlenen konutlarda ve hastane, okul, iş hanı gibi çeşitli yapılarda sıklıkla kullanılmış olduğu görülür. Bununla birlikte bu çalışmada, İzmirdeki Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık Dönemi kamu yapılarında kullanılan karosimanların motif, renk ve form özellikleri ile kullanıldığı yerler bakımından ele alınması ve dönem içerisindeki yerinin vurgulanması amaçlanmaktadır. Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık üslubu, cephe özellikleriyle öne çıkan bir üslup olmakla birlikte yapıların iç mekân dekorasyonunu da etkilemiştir. Bu dönem yapılarında, karosimanlar salt bir döşeme malzemesi olmaktan çıkmış, mimari bütünü tamamlayan birer öge haline dönüşmüştür. Döşeme karoları üzerine sıklıkla lale, karanfil gibi bitkisel motifler ile eşkenar dörtgen, çokgen ve çok kollu yıldız gibi motiflerden oluşan Selçuklu ve Osmanlı Döneminin klasikleşmiş süsleme unsurları aktarılmıştır. Cephelerden zeminlere kadar yayılan bu motiflerin kullanımı, dönemin ruhunu temsil eden ortak bir süsleme repertuvarı oluşturmaktadır.

Makale detayları

Cement Tiles in Public Buildings of the First National Architectural Movement Period: Samples of İzmir

Yazarlar:

Zeynep Özkan Tekneci | Aygül Uçar

Yayıncı:

Ege University

Ana Başlıklar:

Sanat Tarihi | Mimarlık Tarihi

Dergi:

Sanat Tarihi Dergisi Vol.33 Issue 2, pp.1023-1049

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001337673

pISSN:

1300-5707

architecture

cement tiles

first national architecture movement

izmir

floor tileizmir

birinci ulusal mimarlık dönemi

karosiman

zemin döşemesi

kamu yapıları

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Zeynep Özkan Tekneci | Aygül Uçar

Yayıncı: Ege University

Ana Başlıklar: Sanat Tarihi | Mimarlık Tarihi

Dergi: Sanat Tarihi Dergisi Vol.33 Issue 2, pp.1023-1049

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 12/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001337673

pISSN: 1300-5707

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Zeynep Özkan Tekneci | Aygül Uçar

Yayıncı:

Ege University

Ana Başlıklar:

Sanat Tarihi | Mimarlık Tarihi

Dergi:

Sanat Tarihi Dergisi Vol.33 Issue 2, pp.1023-1049

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001337673

pISSN:

1300-5707