Reconsidering the Ifk Incident in the Light of Moral Panic Theory and Psychohistory

Sema Yılmaz; Halit Kalli

Makale detayları

Reconsidering the Ifk Incident in the Light of Moral Panic Theory and Psychohistory

Yazarlar:

Sema Yılmaz | Halit Kalli

Yayıncı:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 1, pp.367-390

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294707

pISSN:

2717-610X

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Panic is defined as the feeling of rush or anxiety that affects a community and leads to disproportionate or thoughtless efforts to maintain safety. In todays societies where the culture of fear is dominant, the concept of moral panic is a particularly topical issue due to its similarity with the concept of lynching. Today, this concept, which is used in media studies, historically appears in different fields. Moral panics vary in intensity, persistence, and social impact. Some are small and ineffective events, while others are big events that cause serious problems in societies. The impact of events varies according to the period, person, and culture. The effect of five elements on the occurrence of moral panic is examined: The interest shown by the public and the media regarding the events and persons those who are the subjects of the panic; hostility towards separating us and them, setting boundaries; reconciliation, which makes the social reaction to the events and people shown as the cause of panic meaningful, disproportionateness based on the exaggeration and impermanence, including the extinction of moral panic. A moral panic occurs when society cannot keep up with important changes and when this type of change causes the fear of losing control within the normal social structure. In substance, it shows the sensitivity society has about the issues which threaten its values and carries the potential of new social arrangements. However, if there is a deterioration in the values of society, it may result in destructive interventions against the person or persons who have become the symbol of the threat. Therefore, it is possible to obtain information about the structure and cultural identity of the existing society by discussing the causes, effects, and consequences of moral panic. Ifk, Accusation of Adultery which started with slandering the Prophet Muhammads wife ʿĀisha, and had many reflections in Islamic society, is one of the events that can be considered in this context. In this study, the Ifk incident is examined in terms of moral panic theory with a psychohistory reading. In the first part of the research, moral panic and some related theories and concepts; stigma, deviance and label theory, social lynching, and psychological defense mechanisms are discussed. Later, the panorama of the Ifk incident is explained using the literature review method. In the last part, the event of İfk in the context of moral panic has been tried to be analyzed through people and events. For this purpose, the psychohistory method was used with an interdisciplinary approach to examine the subject as a psychological phenomenon rather than a historical problem. Psychohistory, which gives more meaning and a deep perspective to past events with the light of psychological knowledge, analyzes the common motivations that bring political and religious groups together and enable them to act together while prioritizing the facts that disadvantaged groups such as children and women are exposed to. There are some difficulties in using moral panic theory as a projector to make a historical event more understandable with its psychosocial aspects. The point to draw attention is that every event that is scrutinized and reacted with the sensitivity that it threatens the moral structure of the society may not be as it seems, and may have attack motivations originating from the personal and collective unconscious. Although the target is the Prophet, the question was chastity and honor of a woman, ʿĀisha, in the Ifk incident. By seizing an opportunity regarding male-female relations, which is not important for their moral structure, hypocrites created an atmosphere of chaos by accusing Muslims and slandering the Prophets wife. Even though the event was clarified by revelation, Muslims were warned not to fall into a dilemma and not to stick to their basic values in an environment of uncertainty. Moral panic, which functions to protect the moral structure with the reaction of the society to events that conflict with moral values under normal conditions, can lead to devastating results when the moral structure of the society deteriorates. Based on the acceptance that our age is the age of moral panic, it is hoped that the psychosocial analysis of both the resistance to social change that triggers panic, the actors of todays media that take on the role and fueling panic, and the marginalized and victimized figure will contribute to the understanding and channeling of potential moral panics in the right direction.

 Bir toplulugu etkileyen ve guvenligi saglamak icin olcusuz veya dusuncesiz tepkilere yol acan telas veya endise duygusu panik olarak tanımlanır. Ahlaki panik toplumun dini, ahlaki, kültürel yapısına tehdit olarak algılanan bir kişi, olay ya da olguya karşı gösterilen orantısız tepkidir. Günümüzde medya araştırmalarında kullanılan bu kavram tarihsel olarak farklı alanlarda karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ahlaki panikler, yoğunluğu, sürekliliği ve sosyal etkisi açısından çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Kimileri küçük ve etkisiz olaylarken kimisi de toplumlarda ciddi problemlere sebep olan büyük hadiselerdir. Olayların tesiri dönem, şahıs ve kültüre göre değişiklik gösterir. Ahlaki paniğin oluşumunda beş ögenin etkisi incelenir: Paniğe konu olan olay ve kişilere dair kamuoyu ve medyanın gösterdiği ilgi; biz ve onlar ayrımı yapmaya, sınır koymaya yönelik düşmanlık; panik nedeni olarak gösterilen olay ve kişilere yönelik toplumsal tepkiyi anlamlı kılan uzlaşma, abartıya dayalı orantısızlık ve ahlaki paniğin sönmesini içeren geçicilik. Ahlaki panik, toplum önemli değişikliklere ayak uyduramadığı ve bu tip değişikliğin normal sosyal yapı içerisinde kontrol kaybı korkusuna sebep olduğu zamanlarda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Esasında bu tepki, değerlerini tehdit eden hususlarda toplumun duyarlılığını gösterir ve yeni toplumsal düzenlemelerin potansiyelini taşır. Fakat toplumun değerlerinde bir bozulma varsa tehditin sembolü haline getirilen kişi ya da kişilere yönelik yıkıcı müdahalelerle de sonuçlanabilir. Bu nedenle ahlaki paniğin sebepleri, etkileri ve sonuclarına iliskin yurutulecek tartısmayla mevcut toplumun yapısı ve kulturel kimligine iliskin bilgiler elde etmek mumkundur. Hz. Peygamberin eşi Hz. Âişeye iftira atılmasıyla başlayan ve İslam toplumunda pek çok yansıması olan İfk hadisesi bu bağlamda ele alınabilecek olaylardan biridir. Bu çalışmada, İfk hadisesi bir psikotarih okuması ile ahlaki panik teorisi açısından incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın birinci bölümünde ahlaki panik ve ilgili görülen bazı teori ve kavramlar; damgalama, sapma ve etiket teorisi, sosyal linç ve psikolojik savunma mekanizmaları ele alınmıştır. Daha sonra İfk hadisenin panoraması literatür tarama yöntemi kullanılarak izah edilmiştir. Son bölümde ise ahlaki panik bağlamında İfk hadisesi, kişiler ve olaylar üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Bu amaçla konuyu bir tarih problemi değil psikolojik bir olgu olarak incelemek için disiplinlerarası bir yaklaşımla psikotarih metodundan yardım alınmıştır. Psikolojik bilgi birikiminin olusturdugu ısıkla gecmis olaylara daha fazla bir anlam ve derin bir perspektif kazandıran psikotarih, siyasi ve dini grupları bir araya getiren ve birlikte hareket etmelerini saglayan ortak motivasyonları analiz ederken özellikle çocuklar, kadınlar gibi dezavantajlı grupların maruz kaldığı olguları önceler. Tarihi bir olayı psikososyal yönleriyle daha anlaşılır kılmak için ahlaki panik teorisinin projektör olarak kullanılmasının birtakım güçlükleri de bulunmaktadır. Dikkat çekilmek istenen nokta toplumun ahlaki yapısını tehdit ettiği hassasiyetiyle mercek altına alınıp tepki gösterilen her olayın göründüğü gibi olmayacağı kişisel ve toplu bilinçaltından kaynaklı saldırı motivasyonları taşıyabileceğidir. İfk hadisesinde hedef her ne kadar Hz. Peygamber olsa da söz konusu olan bir kadının, Hz. Âişenin iffeti ve onurudur. Münafıklar aslında kendi ahlaki yapıları için pek de önem taşımayan kadın erkek ilişkileri hususunda bir fırsat yakalayarak hem müslümaları itham altında bırakıp hem de Peygamber eşine iftira atmak suretiyle kaos ortamı hazırlamışlardır. Olay her ne kadar vahiyle aydınlatılmış olsa da müslümanlar belirsizlik ortamında ikileme düşmeleri ve temel değerlerine bağlı kalamamaları hususunda uyarılmıştır. Normal koşullarda ahlaki değerlerle çelişen olaylara toplumun gösterdiği tepkiyle ahlaki yapıyı koruma fonksiyonu gören ahlaki panik, toplumun kendi ahlaki yapısı bozulduğunda genelde dezavantajlı bir hedef üzerinden yıkıcı sonuçlar doğurabilmektedir. Çağımızın ahlaki panik çağı olduğu kabulüne dayanarak İfk hadisesinde hem paniği tetikleyen toplumsal değişime karşı direncin, hem günümüz medyasının rolünü üstlenen ve paniği körükleyen aktörlerinin hem de ötekileştirilen, kurban edilen figürün psikososyal analizinin potansiyel ahlaki paniklerin anlaşılmasına ve doğru yöne kanalize edilmesine katkıda bulunacağı umulmaktadır.

 Panic is defined as the feeling of rush or anxiety that affects a community and leads to disproportionate or thoughtless efforts to maintain safety. In todays societies where the culture of fear is dominant, the concept of moral panic is a particularly topical issue due to its similarity with the concept of lynching. Today, this concept, which is used in media studies, historically appears in different fields. Moral panics vary in intensity, persistence, and social impact. Some are small and ineffective events, while others are big events that cause serious problems in societies. The impact of events varies according to the period, person, and culture. The effect of five elements on the occurrence of moral panic is examined: The interest shown by the public and the media regarding the events and persons those who are the subjects of the panic; hostility towards separating us and them, setting boundaries; reconciliation, which makes the social reaction to the events and people shown as the cause of panic meaningful, disproportionateness based on the exaggeration and impermanence, including the extinction of moral panic. A moral panic occurs when society cannot keep up with important changes and when this type of change causes the fear of losing control within the normal social structure. In substance, it shows the sensitivity society has about the issues which threaten its values and carries the potential of new social arrangements. However, if there is a deterioration in the values of society, it may result in destructive interventions against the person or persons who have become the symbol of the threat. Therefore, it is possible to obtain information about the structure and cultural identity of the existing society by discussing the causes, effects, and consequences of moral panic. Ifk, Accusation of Adultery which started with slandering the Prophet Muhammads wife ʿĀisha, and had many reflections in Islamic society, is one of the events that can be considered in this context. In this study, the Ifk incident is examined in terms of moral panic theory with a psychohistory reading. In the first part of the research, moral panic and some related theories and concepts; stigma, deviance and label theory, social lynching, and psychological defense mechanisms are discussed. Later, the panorama of the Ifk incident is explained using the literature review method. In the last part, the event of İfk in the context of moral panic has been tried to be analyzed through people and events. For this purpose, the psychohistory method was used with an interdisciplinary approach to examine the subject as a psychological phenomenon rather than a historical problem. Psychohistory, which gives more meaning and a deep perspective to past events with the light of psychological knowledge, analyzes the common motivations that bring political and religious groups together and enable them to act together while prioritizing the facts that disadvantaged groups such as children and women are exposed to. There are some difficulties in using moral panic theory as a projector to make a historical event more understandable with its psychosocial aspects. The point to draw attention is that every event that is scrutinized and reacted with the sensitivity that it threatens the moral structure of the society may not be as it seems, and may have attack motivations originating from the personal and collective unconscious. Although the target is the Prophet, the question was chastity and honor of a woman, ʿĀisha, in the Ifk incident. By seizing an opportunity regarding male-female relations, which is not important for their moral structure, hypocrites created an atmosphere of chaos by accusing Muslims and slandering the Prophets wife. Even though the event was clarified by revelation, Muslims were warned not to fall into a dilemma and not to stick to their basic values in an environment of uncertainty. Moral panic, which functions to protect the moral structure with the reaction of the society to events that conflict with moral values under normal conditions, can lead to devastating results when the moral structure of the society deteriorates. Based on the acceptance that our age is the age of moral panic, it is hoped that the psychosocial analysis of both the resistance to social change that triggers panic, the actors of todays media that take on the role and fueling panic, and the marginalized and victimized figure will contribute to the understanding and channeling of potential moral panics in the right direction.

 Panic is defined as the feeling of rush or anxiety that affects a community and leads to disproportionate or thoughtless efforts to maintain safety. In todays societies where the culture of fear is dominant, the concept of moral panic is a particularly topical issue due to its similarity with the concept of lynching. Today, this concept, which is used in media studies, historically appears in different fields. Moral panics vary in intensity, persistence, and social impact. Some are small and ineffective events, while others are big events that cause serious problems in societies. The impact of events varies according to the period, person, and culture. The effect of five elements on the occurrence of moral panic is examined: The interest shown by the public and the media regarding the events and persons those who are the subjects of the panic; hostility towards separating us and them, setting boundaries; reconciliation, which makes the social reaction to the events and people shown as the cause of panic meaningful, disproportionateness based on the exaggeration and impermanence, including the extinction of moral panic. A moral panic occurs when society cannot keep up with important changes and when this type of change causes the fear of losing control within the normal social structure. In substance, it shows the sensitivity society has about the issues which threaten its values and carries the potential of new social arrangements. However, if there is a deterioration in the values of society, it may result in destructive interventions against the person or persons who have become the symbol of the threat. Therefore, it is possible to obtain information about the structure and cultural identity of the existing society by discussing the causes, effects, and consequences of moral panic. Ifk, Accusation of Adultery which started with slandering the Prophet Muhammads wife ʿĀisha, and had many reflections in Islamic society, is one of the events that can be considered in this context. In this study, the Ifk incident is examined in terms of moral panic theory with a psychohistory reading. In the first part of the research, moral panic and some related theories and concepts; stigma, deviance and label theory, social lynching, and psychological defense mechanisms are discussed. Later, the panorama of the Ifk incident is explained using the literature review method. In the last part, the event of İfk in the context of moral panic has been tried to be analyzed through people and events. For this purpose, the psychohistory method was used with an interdisciplinary approach to examine the subject as a psychological phenomenon rather than a historical problem. Psychohistory, which gives more meaning and a deep perspective to past events with the light of psychological knowledge, analyzes the common motivations that bring political and religious groups together and enable them to act together while prioritizing the facts that disadvantaged groups such as children and women are exposed to. There are some difficulties in using moral panic theory as a projector to make a historical event more understandable with its psychosocial aspects. The point to draw attention is that every event that is scrutinized and reacted with the sensitivity that it threatens the moral structure of the society may not be as it seems, and may have attack motivations originating from the personal and collective unconscious. Although the target is the Prophet, the question was chastity and honor of a woman, ʿĀisha, in the Ifk incident. By seizing an opportunity regarding male-female relations, which is not important for their moral structure, hypocrites created an atmosphere of chaos by accusing Muslims and slandering the Prophets wife. Even though the event was clarified by revelation, Muslims were warned not to fall into a dilemma and not to stick to their basic values in an environment of uncertainty. Moral panic, which functions to protect the moral structure with the reaction of the society to events that conflict with moral values under normal conditions, can lead to devastating results when the moral structure of the society deteriorates. Based on the acceptance that our age is the age of moral panic, it is hoped that the psychosocial analysis of both the resistance to social change that triggers panic, the actors of todays media that take on the role and fueling panic, and the marginalized and victimized figure will contribute to the understanding and channeling of potential moral panics in the right direction.

Makale detayları

Reconsidering the Ifk Incident in the Light of Moral Panic Theory and Psychohistory

Yazarlar:

Sema Yılmaz | Halit Kalli

Yayıncı:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 1, pp.367-390

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294707

pISSN:

2717-610X

Psychology of Religion

Moral Panic

Ifk (Accusation of Adultery)

Psychohistory

Defense Mechanisms

Lynching.Din Psikolojisi

Ahlaki Panik

İfk Hadisesi

Psikotarih

Savunma Mekanizmaları

Linç.

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Sema Yılmaz | Halit Kalli

Yayıncı: Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar: Din Araştırmaları

Dergi: Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 1, pp.367-390

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001294707

pISSN: 2717-610X

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Sema Yılmaz | Halit Kalli

Yayıncı:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 1, pp.367-390

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294707

pISSN:

2717-610X