The Rhetorical Meanings of Khabar (Informative Speech) in the Poetry of the Suʿlūk Poet ʿUrwa b. al-Ward

Abdurrahim Ekinci

Makale detayları

The Rhetorical Meanings of Khabar (Informative Speech) in the Poetry of the Suʿlūk Poet ʿUrwa b. al-Ward

Yazarlar:

Abdurrahim Ekinci

Yayıncı:

Gaziantep University

Ana Başlıklar:

Arap Dili ve Belagatı

Dergi:

İlahiyat Akademi Issue 21, pp.25-44

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001353041

pISSN:

2149-3979

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Poetry plays a significant role in transmitting the cultural heritage of the past to the present. In the pre-Islamic era, commonly referred to as the Jāhiliyyah period, as writing was not widespread in Arab society, both poetry and other literary texts were preserved and transmitted to subsequent generations through oral tradition. Inevitably, during this process, there are many poems that were lost in the dark pages of history and did not survive to the present day. One of the poets of the pre-Islamic period, whose considerable number of poems has survived to the present day, is the Ṣuʿlūk brigand poet ʿUrwa b. Al-Ward d. 594. Although the manifestations of brigandage and looting have varied across different periods, their presence has been a recurring phenomenon throughout history, regardless of their quantity. It is known that, during the period of the Jāhiliyyah, certain individuals engaged in saʿālik brigandage due to various social and personal circumstances: some were excluded by their communities due to their racial background, others were exiled from their tribes for committing crimes, while some took up this way of life as an act of rebellion against societal injustice. Even though the reason behind their committing brigandage was different, the path they followed to reach their goal was the same. Because they did not hesitate to take any dangerous step, even to kill people, to seize the property they had their eye on. While the majority of these individuals preferred to live in the desert, some continued residing within their tribes. In fact, it is stated that ʿUrwa b. Al-Ward did not leave his tribe. It is known that thanks to the superior expression skills of Arab society and the magical power of poetry, there are poets from all walks of life, rich or poor, master or slave, urban or rural, and therefore, there are also poets from the Ṣuʿlūks. The most famous ones of the Ṣuʿlūk poets of the Jāhiliyyah period can be listed as Shanfarā d. between 525550, Taʾabbaṭa Sharran d. ca. 540, ʿUrwa b. Al-Ward, and Sulayk b. Sulaka d. 605. When the poems of these poets are examined in general, it is understood that although they have certain differences from other poems of the period in terms of style and theme, they do not show any deficiencies in terms of rhetoric. The science of rhetoric balāgha, which analyzes the appropriateness of speech to the context, is divided into three branches: maʿānī, bayān, and badīʿ. One of the subheadings of the maʿānī section, which examines the syntax and indirect meanings expressed by words, is the khabar informative statements. As a rhetorical term, khabar means a statement that states that an event occurred at any given time and may be true or false. The expressions in the khabar category have two main purposes: to provide information to the addressee or to notify that the speaker is aware of a particular piece of information. Apart from these fundamental purposes, khabar may also serve various rhetorical functions, including asking for mercy, encouragement, expressing sorrow, demonstrating weakness, boasting fakhr, praise madḥ, denigration dhamm, offering advice, and issuing warnings. This study aims to highlight the rhetorical purposes of khabar in the poetry of ʿUrwa b. al-Ward. In this study, ʿUrwas Dīwān was examined by using the document analysis methodology and the rhetorical meanings of the khabar in his works were tried to be determined. This study is significant in that it demonstrates that the eminent literary expression in the pre-Islamic Arab society was not limited to a select certain individuals.

 Poetry plays a significant role in transmitting the cultural heritage of the past to the present. In the pre-Islamic era, commonly referred to as the Jāhiliyyah period, as writing was not widespread in Arab society, both poetry and other literary texts were preserved and transmitted to subsequent generations through oral tradition. Inevitably, during this process, there are many poems that were lost in the dark pages of history and did not survive to the present day. One of the poets of the pre-Islamic period, whose considerable number of poems has survived to the present day, is the Ṣuʿlūk brigand poet ʿUrwa b. Al-Ward d. 594. Although the manifestations of brigandage and looting have varied across different periods, their presence has been a recurring phenomenon throughout history, regardless of their quantity. It is known that, during the period of the Jāhiliyyah, certain individuals engaged in saʿālik brigandage due to various social and personal circumstances: some were excluded by their communities due to their racial background, others were exiled from their tribes for committing crimes, while some took up this way of life as an act of rebellion against societal injustice. Even though the reason behind their committing brigandage was different, the path they followed to reach their goal was the same. Because they did not hesitate to take any dangerous step, even to kill people, to seize the property they had their eye on. While the majority of these individuals preferred to live in the desert, some continued residing within their tribes. In fact, it is stated that ʿUrwa b. Al-Ward did not leave his tribe. It is known that thanks to the superior expression skills of Arab society and the magical power of poetry, there are poets from all walks of life, rich or poor, master or slave, urban or rural, and therefore, there are also poets from the Ṣuʿlūks. The most famous ones of the Ṣuʿlūk poets of the Jāhiliyyah period can be listed as Shanfarā d. between 525550, Taʾabbaṭa Sharran d. ca. 540, ʿUrwa b. Al-Ward, and Sulayk b. Sulaka d. 605. When the poems of these poets are examined in general, it is understood that although they have certain differences from other poems of the period in terms of style and theme, they do not show any deficiencies in terms of rhetoric. The science of rhetoric balāgha, which analyzes the appropriateness of speech to the context, is divided into three branches: maʿānī, bayān, and badīʿ. One of the subheadings of the maʿānī section, which examines the syntax and indirect meanings expressed by words, is the khabar informative statements. As a rhetorical term, khabar means a statement that states that an event occurred at any given time and may be true or false. The expressions in the khabar category have two main purposes: to provide information to the addressee or to notify that the speaker is aware of a particular piece of information. Apart from these fundamental purposes, khabar may also serve various rhetorical functions, including asking for mercy, encouragement, expressing sorrow, demonstrating weakness, boasting fakhr, praise madḥ, denigration dhamm, offering advice, and issuing warnings. This study aims to highlight the rhetorical purposes of khabar in the poetry of ʿUrwa b. al-Ward. In this study, ʿUrwas Dīwān was examined by using the document analysis methodology and the rhetorical meanings of the khabar in his works were tried to be determined. This study is significant in that it demonstrates that the eminent literary expression in the pre-Islamic Arab society was not limited to a select certain individuals.

 Poetry plays a significant role in transmitting the cultural heritage of the past to the present. In the pre-Islamic era, commonly referred to as the Jāhiliyyah period, as writing was not widespread in Arab society, both poetry and other literary texts were preserved and transmitted to subsequent generations through oral tradition. Inevitably, during this process, there are many poems that were lost in the dark pages of history and did not survive to the present day. One of the poets of the pre-Islamic period, whose considerable number of poems has survived to the present day, is the Ṣuʿlūk brigand poet ʿUrwa b. Al-Ward d. 594. Although the manifestations of brigandage and looting have varied across different periods, their presence has been a recurring phenomenon throughout history, regardless of their quantity. It is known that, during the period of the Jāhiliyyah, certain individuals engaged in saʿālik brigandage due to various social and personal circumstances: some were excluded by their communities due to their racial background, others were exiled from their tribes for committing crimes, while some took up this way of life as an act of rebellion against societal injustice. Even though the reason behind their committing brigandage was different, the path they followed to reach their goal was the same. Because they did not hesitate to take any dangerous step, even to kill people, to seize the property they had their eye on. While the majority of these individuals preferred to live in the desert, some continued residing within their tribes. In fact, it is stated that ʿUrwa b. Al-Ward did not leave his tribe. It is known that thanks to the superior expression skills of Arab society and the magical power of poetry, there are poets from all walks of life, rich or poor, master or slave, urban or rural, and therefore, there are also poets from the Ṣuʿlūks. The most famous ones of the Ṣuʿlūk poets of the Jāhiliyyah period can be listed as Shanfarā d. between 525550, Taʾabbaṭa Sharran d. ca. 540, ʿUrwa b. Al-Ward, and Sulayk b. Sulaka d. 605. When the poems of these poets are examined in general, it is understood that although they have certain differences from other poems of the period in terms of style and theme, they do not show any deficiencies in terms of rhetoric. The science of rhetoric balāgha, which analyzes the appropriateness of speech to the context, is divided into three branches: maʿānī, bayān, and badīʿ. One of the subheadings of the maʿānī section, which examines the syntax and indirect meanings expressed by words, is the khabar informative statements. As a rhetorical term, khabar means a statement that states that an event occurred at any given time and may be true or false. The expressions in the khabar category have two main purposes: to provide information to the addressee or to notify that the speaker is aware of a particular piece of information. Apart from these fundamental purposes, khabar may also serve various rhetorical functions, including asking for mercy, encouragement, expressing sorrow, demonstrating weakness, boasting fakhr, praise madḥ, denigration dhamm, offering advice, and issuing warnings. This study aims to highlight the rhetorical purposes of khabar in the poetry of ʿUrwa b. al-Ward. In this study, ʿUrwas Dīwān was examined by using the document analysis methodology and the rhetorical meanings of the khabar in his works were tried to be determined. This study is significant in that it demonstrates that the eminent literary expression in the pre-Islamic Arab society was not limited to a select certain individuals.

 Geçmişin kültürel mirasını günümüze taşımada şiir büyük rol oynamaktadır. Câhiliye dönemi olarak ifade edilen İslam öncesi dönemde Arap toplumunda yazı yaygın olmadığından gerek şiir gerekse diğer edebi metinler, sözlü aktarım yoluyla sonraki nesillere ulaşabilmiştir. Doğal olarak bu süreçte tarihin karanlık sayfalarında kaybolan ve günümüze ulaşamayan birçok şiir de bulunmaktadır. Hatırı sayılır miktarda şiirleri günümüze ulaşmış Câhiliye şairlerinden biri de sulûk yağmacı şair Urve b. el-Verdtir ö. 594. Tezahürleri farklı olsa da azlığına-çokluğuna bakılmaksızın hemen hemen her dönemde eşkıyalığın ve yağmacılığın varlığından söz etmek mümkündür. Câhiliye döneminde de kimisinin siyahi olmasından dolayı bulunmuş olduğu toplum tarafından dışlanması, kimisinin işlediği suçlardan dolayı kabilesinden tart edilmesi, kimisinin de toplumdaki adaletsizliğe isyan etmesi nedeniyle bazı kimselerin saleke eşkıyalık faaliyetinde bulundukları bilinmektedir. Arka planda her birisini eşkıyalık yapmaya iten sebep farklı olsa da hedefe ulaşmak için izledikleri yol aynı olmuştur. Zira gözlerine kestirdikleri malı ele geçirmek için her türlü tehlikeli adımı atmaktan hatta adam öldürmekten bile çekinmemişlerdir. Çoğunluk itibariyle bu insanlar çöllerde yaşamayı tercih etmişse de kabilesi içinde yaşamaya devam edenler de olmuştur. Nitekim Urvenin de kabilesinden ayrılmadığı belirtilmektedir. Arap toplumunun üstün ifade yetenekleri ve şiirin sihirli gücü sayesinde zengin-fakir, efendi-köle, şehirli-köylü demeden her kesimden şiir söyleyenler bulunduğu, dolayısıyla sulûklardan da şairlerin mevcut olduğu belirtilmektedir. Câhiliye dönemi sulûk şairlerinden en meşhurlarını Şenferâ ö. 525-550 arası, Teebbeta Şerran ö. 540 ?, Urve b. el-Verd ve Süleyk b. Süleke ö. 605 şeklinde sıralamak mümkündür. Genel olarak bu şairlerin şiirleri incelendiğinde, üslup ve tema açısından dönemin diğer şiirlerinden belirli farklılıklar taşıdığı görülmekle birlikte, belâgat açısından herhangi bir eksiklik göstermedikleri anlaşılmaktadır. Sözün duruma uygunluk kriterlerini inceleyen belâgat ilmi meâni, beyan ve bedi olmak üzere üç kısma ayrılmaktadır. Söz dizimi ve sözün ifade ettiği dolaylı anlamları inceleyen Meâni kısmının alt başlıklarından biri haber konusudur. Bir belâgat terimi olarak haber, herhangi bir zamanda bir olayın meydana geldiğini bildiren, doğru veya yanlış olma ihtimali olan söz demektir. Haber kategorisindeki sözlerin mütekellimin muhataba bilgi vermesi veya bir bilgiden haberdar olunduğunu bildirmesi olmak üzere iki temel amacı bulunmaktadır. Haber bu asıl amaçlar dışında, merhamet dileme, teşvik etme, üzüntüyü ifade etme, güçsüzlüğü izhar etme, fahr övünme, medih övme, zemm kötüleme, nasihat ve sakındırma gibi anlamlar da ifade edebilmektedir. Bu çalışma Urve b. el-Verdin şiirlerinde haberi kelamın belâği amaçlarını ortaya koymaya çalışacaktır. Çalışmada doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılarak Urvenin divanı incelenmiş ve haberi kelamın belâği anlamları tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışma Câhiliye dönemi Arap toplumunda üstün edebi ifade yeteneğinin sadece belli başlı insanlarla sınırlı olmadığını ortaya koyması bakımından büyük önem arz etmektedir.

Makale detayları

The Rhetorical Meanings of Khabar (Informative Speech) in the Poetry of the Suʿlūk Poet ʿUrwa b. al-Ward

Yazarlar:

Abdurrahim Ekinci

Yayıncı:

Gaziantep University

Ana Başlıklar:

Arap Dili ve Belagatı

Dergi:

İlahiyat Akademi Issue 21, pp.25-44

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001353041

pISSN:

2149-3979

Arabic Language and Rhetoric

Jāhiliyyah

Poetry

Ṣuʿlūk

ʿUrwa b. al-Ward

Rhetoric (Balāgha)

KhabarArap Dili ve Belâgati

Câhiliye

Şiir

Su‘lûk

‘Urve b. el-Verd

Belâğat

Haber

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Abdurrahim Ekinci

Yayıncı: Gaziantep University

Ana Başlıklar: Arap Dili ve Belagatı

Dergi: İlahiyat Akademi Issue 21, pp.25-44

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001353041

pISSN: 2149-3979

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Abdurrahim Ekinci

Yayıncı:

Gaziantep University

Ana Başlıklar:

Arap Dili ve Belagatı

Dergi:

İlahiyat Akademi Issue 21, pp.25-44

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001353041

pISSN:

2149-3979