Highwaymen and Outlaws: Combating Rural and Political Banditry in Turkey (1923-1938)

Süleyman Tekir

Makale detayları

Highwaymen and Outlaws: Combating Rural and Political Banditry in Turkey (1923-1938)

Yazarlar:

Süleyman Tekir

Yayıncı:

Ataturk University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi

Dergi:

Turcology Research Issue 81, pp.513-524

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001327835

pISSN:

2822-2725

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 One of the problems inherited by the Republic of Türkiye from the Ottoman Empire was banditry and gang violence. Public peace and security deteriorated as the gendarmerie forces, who were responsible for maintaining public order, were deployed to the fronts to fight. The issue of fugitive soldiers, which was exacerbated during the long years of war, also led to an increase in the number of bandits operating in the country. From 1914, banditry became stronger than ever as an Anatolian reality. The warfare, which lasted for ten years, not only led to the deterioration of public order but also wore out the law enforcement forces that were expected to maintain order. An unlawful identity emerging from the rupture between state and society or society and individual in that period, banditrys elimination troubled the newly established Republic of Turkey for a long time. 1923. From 1924 onwards, large-scale insurrection activities were seen throughout the country. In addition to those bandits who acted based on the claim of representing a certain group of society, there was also a significant number of those who operated for their interests. The banditry was also worsened by the feudal structure that prevailed in certain parts of the country, poverty, being under arms for a long time, tax burden, and relations with landowners. In seven years beginning from 1931, a determined attitude against banditry made it possible to eliminate this problem from the national agenda. In this study, the types of banditry in Turkey since the establishment of the Republic were categorized according to archival documents.

 One of the problems inherited by the Republic of Türkiye from the Ottoman Empire was banditry and gang violence. Public peace and security deteriorated as the gendarmerie forces, who were responsible for maintaining public order, were deployed to the fronts to fight. The issue of fugitive soldiers, which was exacerbated during the long years of war, also led to an increase in the number of bandits operating in the country. From 1914, banditry became stronger than ever as an Anatolian reality. The warfare, which lasted for ten years, not only led to the deterioration of public order but also wore out the law enforcement forces that were expected to maintain order. An unlawful identity emerging from the rupture between state and society or society and individual in that period, banditrys elimination troubled the newly established Republic of Turkey for a long time. 1923. From 1924 onwards, large-scale insurrection activities were seen throughout the country. In addition to those bandits who acted based on the claim of representing a certain group of society, there was also a significant number of those who operated for their interests. The banditry was also worsened by the feudal structure that prevailed in certain parts of the country, poverty, being under arms for a long time, tax burden, and relations with landowners. In seven years beginning from 1931, a determined attitude against banditry made it possible to eliminate this problem from the national agenda. In this study, the types of banditry in Turkey since the establishment of the Republic were categorized according to archival documents.

 One of the problems inherited by the Republic of Türkiye from the Ottoman Empire was banditry and gang violence. Public peace and security deteriorated as the gendarmerie forces, who were responsible for maintaining public order, were deployed to the fronts to fight. The issue of fugitive soldiers, which was exacerbated during the long years of war, also led to an increase in the number of bandits operating in the country. From 1914, banditry became stronger than ever as an Anatolian reality. The warfare, which lasted for ten years, not only led to the deterioration of public order but also wore out the law enforcement forces that were expected to maintain order. An unlawful identity emerging from the rupture between state and society or society and individual in that period, banditrys elimination troubled the newly established Republic of Turkey for a long time. 1923. From 1924 onwards, large-scale insurrection activities were seen throughout the country. In addition to those bandits who acted based on the claim of representing a certain group of society, there was also a significant number of those who operated for their interests. The banditry was also worsened by the feudal structure that prevailed in certain parts of the country, poverty, being under arms for a long time, tax burden, and relations with landowners. In seven years beginning from 1931, a determined attitude against banditry made it possible to eliminate this problem from the national agenda. In this study, the types of banditry in Turkey since the establishment of the Republic were categorized according to archival documents.

 Osmanlı Devletinden Türkiye Cumhuriyetine kalan sorunlu miraslardan birisi eşkıyalık ve çetecilikti. On yıl boyunca devam savaş döneminde asayişi sağlamakla görevli jandarmanın cephelere savaşmak için gönderilmesiyle birlikte huzur ve güven ortamı bozuldu. Uzun savaş yıllarının ortaya çıkardığı firari askerler meselesi de ülke içerisinde faaliyet gösteren eşkıya sayısının artmasına neden oldu. Eşkıyalık, 1914ten itibaren her zamankinden daha güçlü bir Anadolu gerçeğine dönüştü. On yıl boyunca devam eden savaş, asayişin bozulmasına neden olduğu gibi asayişi sağlaması beklenen kolluk kuvvetlerinin de yıpranmasına sebep olmuştu. Söz konusu dönemde devlet-toplum veya toplum-birey arasındaki kopuşun kanunsuz bir hüviyete bürünmüş hâli olarak ortaya çıkan eşkıyalığın bertaraf edilmesi yeni kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyetini uzun süre uğraştırdı. 1924ten itibaren ise ülke genelinde büyük çaplı isyan ve ayaklanma faaliyetleri görüldü. Toplumun belirli bir grubunu temsil etme iddiasıyla faaliyet gösterenlerin yanı sıra azımsanamayacak miktarda da şahsi çıkarları için eşkıyalık yapanların varlıkları söz konusuydu. Ülkenin belirli bölgelerinde hüküm süren feodal yapı, yoksulluk, uzun süre silah altında kalma, vergi yükü, toprak sahibiyle olan ilişkiler eşkıyalığın artmasına neden olan en temel sebepti. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti asayişi bozan unsurlarla mücadele edebilmek için önce asayişi sağlamakla mükellef olan kurumlarla kamu idaresini yeniden düzenledi. 1931den itibaren eşkıyalığa karşı sergilenen kararlı tutum yedi yıl gibi bir sürede bu durumu ülke gündeminden çıkarmayı başardı. Çalışmada Cumhuriyetin tesisinden itibaren Türkiyede görülen eşkıyalık türleri arşiv belgelerine göre kategorize ve tasnif edildi.

Makale detayları

Highwaymen and Outlaws: Combating Rural and Political Banditry in Turkey (1923-1938)

Yazarlar:

Süleyman Tekir

Yayıncı:

Ataturk University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi

Dergi:

Turcology Research Issue 81, pp.513-524

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001327835

pISSN:

2822-2725

bandit

gang

public order

gendarmerie

Republic of Turkeyeşkıya

çete

asayiş

jandarma

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Süleyman Tekir

Yayıncı: Ataturk University

Ana Başlıklar: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi

Dergi: Turcology Research Issue 81, pp.513-524

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 9/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001327835

pISSN: 2822-2725

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Süleyman Tekir

Yayıncı:

Ataturk University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi

Dergi:

Turcology Research Issue 81, pp.513-524

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001327835

pISSN:

2822-2725