The Effect of the Delay Fee Condition in Consumer Contracts on Customer Liability

Mustafa Çakır

Makale detayları

The Effect of the Delay Fee Condition in Consumer Contracts on Customer Liability

Yazarlar:

Mustafa Çakır

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi Vol.7 Issue 1, pp.145-167

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001319317

pISSN:

2757-8399

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 One of the legitimate ways that enable human beings to fulfill the needs they need in daily life is financial contracts. Through debt agreements based on mutual consent and honesty, people can own the things they need through property themselves or establish limited-term ownership through interest. These may be contracts with financial equivalents or donations. Islam does not make peoples use of goods and services belonging to each other conditional on payment on the contrary, it has promised to reward from itself all kinds of benefits that will be offered free of charge based on faith. In addition, it has been seen as one of the most fundamental rights granted to the individual to enter into contractual relations for the purpose of earning profit. The basic criterion here is mutual consent between the parties and that the contracts are free of elements that may lead to unfair gain. As a matter of fact, preserving the property that is considered untouchable in Islam and obtaining the necessities at the level of necessity on a legitimate basis is possible by establishing economic relations in accordance with Islamic standards and staying away from prohibited ways. It is one of the most fundamental rights granted to individuals to make contracts with any party they wish, under any conditions they wish, within the framework of the general legal order and basic morality. In this context, it is essential that each provision that puts the parties under obligation in contracts regulating debt relations between people is determined freely. However, todays developments in the social and economic fields have created new types of contracts in which terms and conditions are determined as standard. Although there are some general criteria and limits that must be observed from a legal perspective in such contracts, which are commonly prepared on the basis of unilateral determination of general transaction conditions, some conditions that are considered to be in accordance with the valid law may be seen as problems in terms of Islamic law. The application of penalty clauses for the performance of debts in contracts is one of them. The penalty clause, which is effective depending on the agreement of the parties and which can be claimed against the debtor in case the receivable is not fulfilled properly or at all in debt contracts, represents an action independent of the actual debt and damage. Islams principled stance on interest may leave doubts about the legitimacy of the penalty clause in contracts. In this study, the effect of the delay fee condition, which is put forward as a standard in contracts concluded between the parties in the supply of goods, services or financing needed by individuals or institutions in the ordinary course of daily life, on customer liability is discussed from the perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence. In this study, first of all, the legal basis of standard contracts and delay fee application are included in comparison with Islamic law of obligations. Then, the prominent approaches and justifications regarding the provision of late payment fees in contracts are generally included. Finally, the effect of the penalty clause, which is applied as an integral part of debt contracts in todays conditions, on the responsibility of the customer who does not have the right to choose in this regard, is discussed in terms of the soundness of the contract and the general state of need and obligation in the society. As a result, in this study, it is evaluated that the application of delay fees added to the contract, even for the purpose of preventing intentional delay and abuse in the performance of debts based on contractual relationship and assigned as money in embezzlement cannot be seen as problem-free, as it contains a drawback such as interest risk. However, it is also a clear reality that such conditions do not directly constitute the subject of the contract and that in todays conditions, the parties are not offered any other opportunity other than making a contract under these conditions in order to meet many basic needs. When the opportunities offered by the dynamic structure and methodology of Islamic law, which takes into account the needs of the society, are examined, it is thought that in such conditions, it may be possible for the party receiving goodsservices to be considered exempt from the law within the scope of umum al-belwa, general need and necessity.

 İnsanoğlunun gündelik hayat içerisinde ihtiyaç duyduğu gereksinimleri karşılayabilmesini mümkün kılan meşru yollardan biri de malî sözleşmelerdir. Karşılıklı rıza ve dürüstlük temeline dayalı borç sözleşmeleri yoluyla insanlar, ihtiyaç duyulan şeylere bizzat mülk yoluyla sahip olabilir veya menfaatle sınırlı süreli mülkiyet tesis edebilirler. Bunlar malî karşılığı olan veya teberru nitelikli sözleşmeler olabilir. İslâm, insanların birbirlerine ait olan mal ve hizmetlerden faydalanmasını mutlaka bedel şartına bağlamamıştır. Bilakis inanç temeline bağlı karşılıksız olarak sunulacak her türlü faydayı kendi katından ödüllendirmeyi vaat etmiştir. Bununla birlikte bireyin kazanç sağlama amaçlı sözleşme ilişkilerinde bulunması da kendisine tanınan en temel haklardan biri olarak görülmüştür. Buradaki temel ölçü, taraflar arası karşılıklı rıza ve sözleşmelerin haksız kazanç sağlamaya sebep olabilecek unsurlardan arındırılmış olmasıdır. Nitekim İslâmda dokunulmaz kabul edilen malın muhafazası ve zaruret ya da ihtiyaç düzeyindeki gereksinimlerin meşru bir zeminde elde edilmesi, İslâmî ölçülere uygun iktisadî ilişkilerin tesis edilmesi ve yasaklanan yollardan uzak kalınması ile mümkündür. Genel hukuk düzeni ve temel ahlak sınırları çerçevesinde bireylerin dilediği taraflarla dilediği koşullarda sözleşme yapması, kendilerine tanınan en temel haklardan biridir. Bu kapsamda insanlar arası borç ilişkilerini düzenleyen sözleşmelerde tarafları yükümlülük altına sokan her bir hükmün serbestçe belirlenmesi esastır. Ancak günümüzde sosyal ve ekonomik alanda meydana gelen gelişmeler, hüküm ve koşulların standart olarak belirlendiği yeni tip sözleşmeler ortaya çıkarmıştır. Yaygın olarak tek taraflı genel işlem koşullarının belirlenmesi esasına dayalı düzenlenen bu tür sözleşmelerde hukukî açıdan gözetilmesi gereken bir takım genel ölçü ve sınırlar olmakla birlikte merî hukuka uygun kabul edilen bazı koşullar İslâm hukuku açısından problem olarak görülebilmektedir. Sözleşmelerde borçların ifasına yönelik ileri sürülen ceza koşulu uygulaması bunlardan biridir. Tarafların anlaşmasına bağlı olarak geçerlilik kazanan ve borç sözleşmelerinde alacağın gereği gibi ya da hiç ifa edilmemesi durumunda borçluya karşı ileri sürülebilen ceza koşulu, asıl borç ve zarardan bağımsız bir edimdir. İslâmın faiz konusundaki ilkesel duruşu, sözleşmelerde yer alan ceza koşulunun meşruiyeti noktasında zihinlerde şüphe bırakabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, gündelik hayatın olağan akışı içerisinde birey veya kurumların ihtiyaç duyduğu mal, hizmet ya da finansmanın temininde, taraflar arası akdedilen sözleşmelerde standart olarak ileri sürülen gecikme bedeli koşulunun müşteri sorumluluğuna etkisi İslâm hukuku açısından ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle standart sözleşmeler ve gecikme bedeli uygulamasının hukukî zeminine İslâm borçlar hukuku ile mukayeseli olarak yer verilmiştir. Daha sonra sözleşmelerde gecikme bedeli ileri sürülmesinin hükmüne dair öne çıkan yaklaşımlara ve gerekçelerine genel olarak değinilmiştir. Son olarak günümüz şartlarında borç sözleşmelerinin ayrılmaz bir parçası olarak uygulanan ceza koşulunun bu konuda seçim hakkına sahip olamayan müşterinin sorumluluğuna etkisi, sözleşmenin sıhhati ve toplumun içerisinde bulunduğu genel ihtiyaç ve zorunluluk hali açısından tartışılmıştır. Çalışmada sonuç olarak; sözleşme ilişkisine dayalı ve zimmette para olarak tayin edilen borçların ifasında kasıtlı geciktirme ve istismarın önlenmesi amacıyla da olsa sözleşmeye eklenen gecikme bedeli uygulamalarının faiz gibi bir sakınca içermesi bakımından problemsiz görülemeyeceği düşünülmektedir. Bununla birlikte bu tür şartlar, doğrudan akdin konusunu oluşturmadığı gibi, günümüz şartlarında pek çok temel ihtiyacın giderilmesinde taraflara bu koşullarda sözleşme yapmak dışında başka bir imkân da sunulmamaktadır. İslâm hukukunun toplumun ihtiyaçlarını gözeten dinamik yapısı ve metodolojisinin sunduğu imkânlar incelendiğinde, bu tür koşullarda malhizmet alan tarafın umûmul-belvâ, genel ihtiyaç ve zaruret kapsamında fıkhen muaf kabul edilmesinin mümkün olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

 One of the legitimate ways that enable human beings to fulfill the needs they need in daily life is financial contracts. Through debt agreements based on mutual consent and honesty, people can own the things they need through property themselves or establish limited-term ownership through interest. These may be contracts with financial equivalents or donations. Islam does not make peoples use of goods and services belonging to each other conditional on payment on the contrary, it has promised to reward from itself all kinds of benefits that will be offered free of charge based on faith. In addition, it has been seen as one of the most fundamental rights granted to the individual to enter into contractual relations for the purpose of earning profit. The basic criterion here is mutual consent between the parties and that the contracts are free of elements that may lead to unfair gain. As a matter of fact, preserving the property that is considered untouchable in Islam and obtaining the necessities at the level of necessity on a legitimate basis is possible by establishing economic relations in accordance with Islamic standards and staying away from prohibited ways. It is one of the most fundamental rights granted to individuals to make contracts with any party they wish, under any conditions they wish, within the framework of the general legal order and basic morality. In this context, it is essential that each provision that puts the parties under obligation in contracts regulating debt relations between people is determined freely. However, todays developments in the social and economic fields have created new types of contracts in which terms and conditions are determined as standard. Although there are some general criteria and limits that must be observed from a legal perspective in such contracts, which are commonly prepared on the basis of unilateral determination of general transaction conditions, some conditions that are considered to be in accordance with the valid law may be seen as problems in terms of Islamic law. The application of penalty clauses for the performance of debts in contracts is one of them. The penalty clause, which is effective depending on the agreement of the parties and which can be claimed against the debtor in case the receivable is not fulfilled properly or at all in debt contracts, represents an action independent of the actual debt and damage. Islams principled stance on interest may leave doubts about the legitimacy of the penalty clause in contracts. In this study, the effect of the delay fee condition, which is put forward as a standard in contracts concluded between the parties in the supply of goods, services or financing needed by individuals or institutions in the ordinary course of daily life, on customer liability is discussed from the perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence. In this study, first of all, the legal basis of standard contracts and delay fee application are included in comparison with Islamic law of obligations. Then, the prominent approaches and justifications regarding the provision of late payment fees in contracts are generally included. Finally, the effect of the penalty clause, which is applied as an integral part of debt contracts in todays conditions, on the responsibility of the customer who does not have the right to choose in this regard, is discussed in terms of the soundness of the contract and the general state of need and obligation in the society. As a result, in this study, it is evaluated that the application of delay fees added to the contract, even for the purpose of preventing intentional delay and abuse in the performance of debts based on contractual relationship and assigned as money in embezzlement cannot be seen as problem-free, as it contains a drawback such as interest risk. However, it is also a clear reality that such conditions do not directly constitute the subject of the contract and that in todays conditions, the parties are not offered any other opportunity other than making a contract under these conditions in order to meet many basic needs. When the opportunities offered by the dynamic structure and methodology of Islamic law, which takes into account the needs of the society, are examined, it is thought that in such conditions, it may be possible for the party receiving goodsservices to be considered exempt from the law within the scope of umum al-belwa, general need and necessity.

 One of the legitimate ways that enable human beings to fulfill the needs they need in daily life is financial contracts. Through debt agreements based on mutual consent and honesty, people can own the things they need through property themselves or establish limited-term ownership through interest. These may be contracts with financial equivalents or donations. Islam does not make peoples use of goods and services belonging to each other conditional on payment on the contrary, it has promised to reward from itself all kinds of benefits that will be offered free of charge based on faith. In addition, it has been seen as one of the most fundamental rights granted to the individual to enter into contractual relations for the purpose of earning profit. The basic criterion here is mutual consent between the parties and that the contracts are free of elements that may lead to unfair gain. As a matter of fact, preserving the property that is considered untouchable in Islam and obtaining the necessities at the level of necessity on a legitimate basis is possible by establishing economic relations in accordance with Islamic standards and staying away from prohibited ways. It is one of the most fundamental rights granted to individuals to make contracts with any party they wish, under any conditions they wish, within the framework of the general legal order and basic morality. In this context, it is essential that each provision that puts the parties under obligation in contracts regulating debt relations between people is determined freely. However, todays developments in the social and economic fields have created new types of contracts in which terms and conditions are determined as standard. Although there are some general criteria and limits that must be observed from a legal perspective in such contracts, which are commonly prepared on the basis of unilateral determination of general transaction conditions, some conditions that are considered to be in accordance with the valid law may be seen as problems in terms of Islamic law. The application of penalty clauses for the performance of debts in contracts is one of them. The penalty clause, which is effective depending on the agreement of the parties and which can be claimed against the debtor in case the receivable is not fulfilled properly or at all in debt contracts, represents an action independent of the actual debt and damage. Islams principled stance on interest may leave doubts about the legitimacy of the penalty clause in contracts. In this study, the effect of the delay fee condition, which is put forward as a standard in contracts concluded between the parties in the supply of goods, services or financing needed by individuals or institutions in the ordinary course of daily life, on customer liability is discussed from the perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence. In this study, first of all, the legal basis of standard contracts and delay fee application are included in comparison with Islamic law of obligations. Then, the prominent approaches and justifications regarding the provision of late payment fees in contracts are generally included. Finally, the effect of the penalty clause, which is applied as an integral part of debt contracts in todays conditions, on the responsibility of the customer who does not have the right to choose in this regard, is discussed in terms of the soundness of the contract and the general state of need and obligation in the society. As a result, in this study, it is evaluated that the application of delay fees added to the contract, even for the purpose of preventing intentional delay and abuse in the performance of debts based on contractual relationship and assigned as money in embezzlement cannot be seen as problem-free, as it contains a drawback such as interest risk. However, it is also a clear reality that such conditions do not directly constitute the subject of the contract and that in todays conditions, the parties are not offered any other opportunity other than making a contract under these conditions in order to meet many basic needs. When the opportunities offered by the dynamic structure and methodology of Islamic law, which takes into account the needs of the society, are examined, it is thought that in such conditions, it may be possible for the party receiving goodsservices to be considered exempt from the law within the scope of umum al-belwa, general need and necessity.

Makale detayları

The Effect of the Delay Fee Condition in Consumer Contracts on Customer Liability

Yazarlar:

Mustafa Çakır

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi Vol.7 Issue 1, pp.145-167

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001319317

pISSN:

2757-8399

Islamic Jurisprudence

Debt

Penalty Clause

Delay Penalty

Interestİslâm Hukuku

Borç

Ceza Koşulu

Gecikme Cezası

Faiz

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Mustafa Çakır

Yayıncı: Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Hukuku

Dergi: Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi Vol.7 Issue 1, pp.145-167

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001319317

pISSN: 2757-8399

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Mustafa Çakır

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi Vol.7 Issue 1, pp.145-167

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001319317

pISSN:

2757-8399