A Treatise Depicting The Akhbārī-Usūlī Division Among The Shīʾī Scholars In The 11th/17th Century: Risāla-I Soʾāl Va Javāb

Halil Işılak; Mustafa Türkan

Makale detayları

A Treatise Depicting The Akhbārī-Usūlī Division Among The Shīʾī Scholars In The 11th/17th Century: Risāla-I Soʾāl Va Javāb

Yazarlar:

Halil Işılak | Mustafa Türkan

Yayıncı:

Erciyes University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Mezhepleri

Dergi:

Bilimname Issue 50, pp.1-36

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001303484

pISSN:

1304-1878

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 In the İmāmī Shīʿa Twelver Shīʿīsm, with the Imams occultation ghaybat al-Imām, how to solve the problems that the Shīʿīs would encounter became one of the important problems. At this point, two different groups, Usūlīs and Akhbārīs, tried to offer a solution to this problem in line with their understanding. The Usūlīs positioned the mujtahids as the deputies of the Imam nāib al-Imām and tried to fill the religious authority gap caused by the Imams absence by developing an understanding of taqlīd following. In the Akhbārī thought that emerged with Esterâbâdî in the 17th century, the famous hadith books called al-Kutub al-arbaʾa were seen as the only reference sources for the solution to all problems. Disciplines such as theology, uṣūl al-fiqh the methodology of jurisprudence, and fiqh the jurisprudence were characterized as external elements in terms of Shīʿīsm and it was argued that the Usūlī scholars who practiced ijtihād through these disciplines deviated from the path of the Imams. The Usūlīs, on the other hand, described the Akhbārīs as innovators mubtadiʾūn and made various criticisms against this idea. In this way, a rigid division between the Akhbārīs and the Usūlīs emerged in the Imāmiyya Shīʿa of the Safavid period, and both groups wrote works to strengthen their views. One of the texts that best reflects the tension between the two groups is the treatise named Risāla-i Soʾāl va Javāb, written by Ḫvāje Ḥusayn Ḥāfiẓ Zāvānī at the end of the 17th century. Ḫvāje Ḥusayn asked the leading Shīʾī scholars of his time which of the Akhbārīs and Usūlīs was right about ijtihād and taqlīd and gathered their answers in this treatise. This article analyzes the causes and dynamics of the Akhbārī-Usūlī division in the Imāmiyya Shīʿa of the Safavid period through the questions and answers in the treatise.

 In the İmāmī Shīʿa Twelver Shīʿīsm, with the Imams occultation ghaybat al-Imām, how to solve the problems that the Shīʿīs would encounter became one of the important problems. At this point, two different groups, Usūlīs and Akhbārīs, tried to offer a solution to this problem in line with their understanding. The Usūlīs positioned the mujtahids as the deputies of the Imam nāib al-Imām and tried to fill the religious authority gap caused by the Imams absence by developing an understanding of taqlīd following. In the Akhbārī thought that emerged with Esterâbâdî in the 17th century, the famous hadith books called al-Kutub al-arbaʾa were seen as the only reference sources for the solution to all problems. Disciplines such as theology, uṣūl al-fiqh the methodology of jurisprudence, and fiqh the jurisprudence were characterized as external elements in terms of Shīʿīsm and it was argued that the Usūlī scholars who practiced ijtihād through these disciplines deviated from the path of the Imams. The Usūlīs, on the other hand, described the Akhbārīs as innovators mubtadiʾūn and made various criticisms against this idea. In this way, a rigid division between the Akhbārīs and the Usūlīs emerged in the Imāmiyya Shīʿa of the Safavid period, and both groups wrote works to strengthen their views. One of the texts that best reflects the tension between the two groups is the treatise named Risāla-i Soʾāl va Javāb, written by Ḫvāje Ḥusayn Ḥāfiẓ Zāvānī at the end of the 17th century. Ḫvāje Ḥusayn asked the leading Shīʾī scholars of his time which of the Akhbārīs and Usūlīs was right about ijtihād and taqlīd and gathered their answers in this treatise. This article analyzes the causes and dynamics of the Akhbārī-Usūlī division in the Imāmiyya Shīʿa of the Safavid period through the questions and answers in the treatise.

 In the İmāmī Shīʿa Twelver Shīʿīsm, with the Imams occultation ghaybat al-Imām, how to solve the problems that the Shīʿīs would encounter became one of the important problems. At this point, two different groups, Usūlīs and Akhbārīs, tried to offer a solution to this problem in line with their understanding. The Usūlīs positioned the mujtahids as the deputies of the Imam nāib al-Imām and tried to fill the religious authority gap caused by the Imams absence by developing an understanding of taqlīd following. In the Akhbārī thought that emerged with Esterâbâdî in the 17th century, the famous hadith books called al-Kutub al-arbaʾa were seen as the only reference sources for the solution to all problems. Disciplines such as theology, uṣūl al-fiqh the methodology of jurisprudence, and fiqh the jurisprudence were characterized as external elements in terms of Shīʿīsm and it was argued that the Usūlī scholars who practiced ijtihād through these disciplines deviated from the path of the Imams. The Usūlīs, on the other hand, described the Akhbārīs as innovators mubtadiʾūn and made various criticisms against this idea. In this way, a rigid division between the Akhbārīs and the Usūlīs emerged in the Imāmiyya Shīʿa of the Safavid period, and both groups wrote works to strengthen their views. One of the texts that best reflects the tension between the two groups is the treatise named Risāla-i Soʾāl va Javāb, written by Ḫvāje Ḥusayn Ḥāfiẓ Zāvānī at the end of the 17th century. Ḫvāje Ḥusayn asked the leading Shīʾī scholars of his time which of the Akhbārīs and Usūlīs was right about ijtihād and taqlīd and gathered their answers in this treatise. This article analyzes the causes and dynamics of the Akhbārī-Usūlī division in the Imāmiyya Shīʿa of the Safavid period through the questions and answers in the treatise.

 İmâmiyye Şîasında 12. imamın gaybete girmesiyle birlikte Şiîlerin karşılaşacağı problemlerin ne şekilde çözüme kavuşturulacağı önemli sorunlardan birisi haline gelmiştir. Bu noktada Usûlîler ve Ahbârîler şeklinde teşekkül eden iki farklı zümre kendi anlayışları istikametinde bu soruna çözüm sunmaya çalışmışlardır. Usûlîler, müctehidleri gāib imamın vekilleri olarak konumlandırmışlar ve taklid anlayışı geliştirerek imamın gaybetinden kaynaklanan dinî otorite boşluğunu doldurmaya çalışmışlardır. 11.17. asırda Esterâbâdî ile neşet eden Ahbârî düşüncede ise tüm problemlerin çözümü noktasında Kütübül-erbaʿa şeklinde isimlendirilen meşhur hadis kitapları yegâne müracaat kaynakları olarak görülmüştür. Bu metinler dışındaki kelam, fıkıh usûlü ve fıkıh gibi ilim dalları Şiîlik açısından haricî unsurlar olarak nitelenmiş ve bu ilimler yoluyla ictihadda bulunan Usûlî ulemanın dini tahrif ettiği ileri sürülmüştür. Usûlîler ise söz konusu anlayışı asıl tahrifat olarak nitelemişler ve bu düşünceye yönelik çeşitli eleştiriler getirmişlerdir. Bu şekilde Safevîler dönemi İmâmiyye Şîasında Ahbârîler ve Usûlîler şeklinde sert bir kutuplaşma meydana gelmiş ve her iki kesim kendi düşüncelerini tahkim etmek için eserler kaleme almışlardır. İki anlayış arasındaki gerilimi en iyi yansıtan metinlerden birisi 11.17. asrın sonlarında Hâcî Hüseyin Hâfız Zâvânî isimli bir alim tarafından kaleme alınan Risâle-i Suʾâl u Cevâb isimli risaledir. Hâcî Hüseyin, dönemin önde gelen Şiî alimlerine ictihad ve taklid özelinde Ahbârî ve Usûlîlerden hangi zümrenin haklı olduğunu sormuş ve onların cevaplarını bu risalede bir araya getirmiştir. Bu makalede söz konusu risaledeki sorular ve cevaplar üzerinden Safevîler dönemi İmâmiyye Şîasındaki Ahbârî-Usûlî ayrışmasının nedenleri, tarafları ve dinamikleri tahlil edilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Makale detayları

A Treatise Depicting The Akhbārī-Usūlī Division Among The Shīʾī Scholars In The 11th/17th Century: Risāla-I Soʾāl Va Javāb

Yazarlar:

Halil Işılak | Mustafa Türkan

Yayıncı:

Erciyes University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Mezhepleri

Dergi:

Bilimname Issue 50, pp.1-36

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001303484

pISSN:

1304-1878

History of Islamic Sects

Fiqh

Risāla-i Soʾāl va Javāb

Usūlīs

Akhbārīs

Ijtihād

Taqlīd.İslam Mezhepleri Tarihi

Fıkıh

Risâle-i Suʾâl u Cevâb

Usûlîlik

Ahbârîlik

İctihad

Taklid.

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Halil Işılak | Mustafa Türkan

Yayıncı: Erciyes University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Mezhepleri

Dergi: Bilimname Issue 50, pp.1-36

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 1/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001303484

pISSN: 1304-1878

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Halil Işılak | Mustafa Türkan

Yayıncı:

Erciyes University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Mezhepleri

Dergi:

Bilimname Issue 50, pp.1-36

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001303484

pISSN:

1304-1878