Husn-Qubh from Ontological and Epistemological Perspectives: An Evaluation in the Context of Mu'tazila

Huriye Sarıoğlu

Makale detayları

Husn-Qubh from Ontological and Epistemological Perspectives: An Evaluation in the Context of Mu'tazila

Yazarlar:

Huriye Sarıoğlu

Yayıncı:

Süleyman Demirel University

Ana Başlıklar:

Kelam

Dergi:

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Issue 52, pp.349-363

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001320805

pISSN:

2602-2346

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The moral value of actions has been one of the main issues that people have thought about throughout history. As a matter of fact, the actions of humans, who are social beings, are important in terms of their effects on both their own life and the environment. For this reason, it can be said that actions have been subjected to examination throughout the history of thought in terms of their values, and thus various moral theories have been constructed. The origin of thinking about good and evil, which are basic moral values, dates back to Ancient Greek philosophy. In this period, the first concern was whether actions carry inherent values such as good and evil. Philosophers have put forward two different approaches, one attributing subjectivity and the other objectivity to values. It can be claimed that these approaches continue to exist even today and constitute the basis of discussions on the issue. In the science of Kalam, the issue in question, which is examined under the headings of husn and qubh, is basically based on two questions. The first of these is, are husn and qubh real values inherent in the actions or are they nominal values imposed on the action by an external power? In other words, do husn and qubh have an unchangeable reality inherent in the act, or are they values that are imposed on the act by Allah, that can change according to Allahs will and do not have in itself a truth? These questions relate to the ontological dimension of the issue. As a matter of fact, the nature of husn and qubh in terms of their existence is discussed here. Secondly, is the knowledge of husn and kubh obtained by revelation or by reason? To put it more clearly, is the knowledge of whether an action is good or bad only known by Allah, or is the mind capable of knowing the value in actions? These questions are aimed at examining the issue of husn and qubh from an epistemological perspective. The issue in question has become a subject of theology due to two basic factors, one being the political conflicts and intellectual differences among Muslims and the other being the influence of foreign cultures. Mutazila, who can be claimed to have addressed the issue of husn and qubh seriously for the first time, argues that husn and qubh are ontologically real values and can be known epistemologically by reason. Essentially, Mutazila put forward this approach as a basis for the principle of justice. They claimed that values are objective and the mind is competent to know them, both to make Allah free from all evil and to understand human responsibility in accordance with divine justice. Thus, the issue of husn and qubh is discussed in the context of the actions of both Allah and man. Although this is the general approach of Mutazila, there are some differences of opinion within the school. The differences in question are seen especially between the Mutazila theologians of the first period and the later period. The aim of the article is to determine the ontological and epistemological views developed by Mutazila on the issue of husn and qubh and to reveal the level of differences in views of the theologians of the first period and the later period. The aim of the article is to determine the ontological and epistemological views developed by Mutazila on the issue of husn and qubh and to reveal the level of differences in views of the theologians of the first period and the later period.

 The moral value of actions has been one of the main issues that people have thought about throughout history. As a matter of fact, the actions of humans, who are social beings, are important in terms of their effects on both their own life and the environment. For this reason, it can be said that actions have been subjected to examination throughout the history of thought in terms of their values, and thus various moral theories have been constructed. The origin of thinking about good and evil, which are basic moral values, dates back to Ancient Greek philosophy. In this period, the first concern was whether actions carry inherent values such as good and evil. Philosophers have put forward two different approaches, one attributing subjectivity and the other objectivity to values. It can be claimed that these approaches continue to exist even today and constitute the basis of discussions on the issue. In the science of Kalam, the issue in question, which is examined under the headings of husn and qubh, is basically based on two questions. The first of these is, are husn and qubh real values inherent in the actions or are they nominal values imposed on the action by an external power? In other words, do husn and qubh have an unchangeable reality inherent in the act, or are they values that are imposed on the act by Allah, that can change according to Allahs will and do not have in itself a truth? These questions relate to the ontological dimension of the issue. As a matter of fact, the nature of husn and qubh in terms of their existence is discussed here. Secondly, is the knowledge of husn and kubh obtained by revelation or by reason? To put it more clearly, is the knowledge of whether an action is good or bad only known by Allah, or is the mind capable of knowing the value in actions? These questions are aimed at examining the issue of husn and qubh from an epistemological perspective. The issue in question has become a subject of theology due to two basic factors, one being the political conflicts and intellectual differences among Muslims and the other being the influence of foreign cultures. Mutazila, who can be claimed to have addressed the issue of husn and qubh seriously for the first time, argues that husn and qubh are ontologically real values and can be known epistemologically by reason. Essentially, Mutazila put forward this approach as a basis for the principle of justice. They claimed that values are objective and the mind is competent to know them, both to make Allah free from all evil and to understand human responsibility in accordance with divine justice. Thus, the issue of husn and qubh is discussed in the context of the actions of both Allah and man. Although this is the general approach of Mutazila, there are some differences of opinion within the school. The differences in question are seen especially between the Mutazila theologians of the first period and the later period. The aim of the article is to determine the ontological and epistemological views developed by Mutazila on the issue of husn and qubh and to reveal the level of differences in views of the theologians of the first period and the later period. The aim of the article is to determine the ontological and epistemological views developed by Mutazila on the issue of husn and qubh and to reveal the level of differences in views of the theologians of the first period and the later period.

 The moral value of actions has been one of the main issues that people have thought about throughout history. As a matter of fact, the actions of humans, who are social beings, are important in terms of their effects on both their own life and the environment. For this reason, it can be said that actions have been subjected to examination throughout the history of thought in terms of their values, and thus various moral theories have been constructed. The origin of thinking about good and evil, which are basic moral values, dates back to Ancient Greek philosophy. In this period, the first concern was whether actions carry inherent values such as good and evil. Philosophers have put forward two different approaches, one attributing subjectivity and the other objectivity to values. It can be claimed that these approaches continue to exist even today and constitute the basis of discussions on the issue. In the science of Kalam, the issue in question, which is examined under the headings of husn and qubh, is basically based on two questions. The first of these is, are husn and qubh real values inherent in the actions or are they nominal values imposed on the action by an external power? In other words, do husn and qubh have an unchangeable reality inherent in the act, or are they values that are imposed on the act by Allah, that can change according to Allahs will and do not have in itself a truth? These questions relate to the ontological dimension of the issue. As a matter of fact, the nature of husn and qubh in terms of their existence is discussed here. Secondly, is the knowledge of husn and kubh obtained by revelation or by reason? To put it more clearly, is the knowledge of whether an action is good or bad only known by Allah, or is the mind capable of knowing the value in actions? These questions are aimed at examining the issue of husn and qubh from an epistemological perspective. The issue in question has become a subject of theology due to two basic factors, one being the political conflicts and intellectual differences among Muslims and the other being the influence of foreign cultures. Mutazila, who can be claimed to have addressed the issue of husn and qubh seriously for the first time, argues that husn and qubh are ontologically real values and can be known epistemologically by reason. Essentially, Mutazila put forward this approach as a basis for the principle of justice. They claimed that values are objective and the mind is competent to know them, both to make Allah free from all evil and to understand human responsibility in accordance with divine justice. Thus, the issue of husn and qubh is discussed in the context of the actions of both Allah and man. Although this is the general approach of Mutazila, there are some differences of opinion within the school. The differences in question are seen especially between the Mutazila theologians of the first period and the later period. The aim of the article is to determine the ontological and epistemological views developed by Mutazila on the issue of husn and qubh and to reveal the level of differences in views of the theologians of the first period and the later period. The aim of the article is to determine the ontological and epistemological views developed by Mutazila on the issue of husn and qubh and to reveal the level of differences in views of the theologians of the first period and the later period.

 Fiillerin ahlakî değeri, tarih boyunca insanların üzerinde düşündüğü temel meselelerden biri olmuştur. Nitekim toplumsal bir varlık olan insanın fiilleri gerek kendi hayatına gerek çevreye etkileri bakımından önem taşımaktadır. Bu nedenle denilebilir ki fiiller, değerleri itibarıyla düşünce tarihi boyunca bir incelemeye tabi tutulmuş ve böylece muhtelif ahlak kuramları inşa edilmiştir. Temel ahlakî değerlerden olan iyilik ve kötülük üzerine düşünmenin kökeni, Antik Yunan felsefesine kadar dayanmaktadır. Bu dönemde ilk olarak fiillerin iyilik ve kötülük gibi değerleri özlerinde taşıyıp taşımadığı ile ilgilenilmiştir. Filozoflar, değerlere biri öznellik diğeri nesnellik atfeden iki farklı yaklaşım ortaya koymuştur. Bu yaklaşımların günümüzde dahi varlığını sürdürdüğü ve meseleye ilişkin tartışmaların esasını teşkil ettiği iddia edilebilecektir. Kelam ilminde ise hüsün ve kubuh başlığı altında incelenen söz konusu mesele, temelde iki soru üzerine kurgulanmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki hüsün ve kubuh, fiillerin zâtında bulunan hakikî değerler midir yoksa fiile harici bir güç tarafından yüklenen itibarî değerler midir? Yani hüsün ve kubuh fiilin özünde bulunan değişmez bir gerçekliğe sahip midir yoksa fiile Allah tarafından yüklenen, Allahın dilemesine göre değişebilen ve kendinde bir gerçekliğe sahip olmayan değerler midir? Bu sorular meselenin ontolojik boyutuna ilişkindir. Nitekim burada hüsün ve kubhun varlığı bakımından mahiyeti ele alınmaktadır. İkincisi ise hüsün ve kubhun bilgisi nakil ile mi yoksa akıl ile mi elde edilir? Daha açık bir şekilde ifade etmek gerekirse bir fiilin iyi veya kötü olduğunun bilgisi yalnızca Allahın bildirmesi ile mi bilinir yoksa akıl fiillerdeki değeri bilmeye muktedir midir? Bu sorular ise hüsün ve kubuh meselesini epistemolojik açıdan incelemeye yöneliktir. Söz konusu mesele, kelam ilmine biri Müslümanların kendi aralarında yaşadığı siyasi çekişmeler ve fikrî ayrılıklar diğeri yabancı kültürlerin tesiri olmak üzere iki temel etmen nedeniyle konu olmuştur. Hüsün ve kubuh meselesini ciddi bir şekilde ilk kez ele aldığı iddia edilebilecek olan Mutezile, hüsün ve kubhun ontolojik açıdan hakikî değerler olduğunu ve epistemolojik açıdan akılla bilinebileceğini savunmaktadır. Esasen Mutezile, söz konusu yaklaşımı adalet ilkesine temel olması bakımından ortaya koymuştur. Onlar, hem Allahı tüm kötülüklerden münezzeh kılmak hem de insanın sorumluluğunu ilahî adalet gereğince anlamlandırabilmek için değerlerin nesnel olduğu ve aklın onları bilme konusunda yetkin olduğu iddiasını ileri sürmüşlerdir. Böylelikle hüsün ve kubuh meselesi hem Allahın hem de insanın fiilleri bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Mutezilenin genel yaklaşımı bu şekilde olmakla birlikte ekol içerisinde bazı görüş farklılıkları bulunmaktadır. Söz konusu farklar özellikle ilk dönem ve sonraki dönem Mutezile kelamcıları arasında görülmektedir. Makalenin amacı Mutezilenin hüsün ve kubuh meselesine ilişkin ontolojik ve epistemolojik açıdan geliştirdiği görüşleri tespit etmek ve ilk dönem ile sonraki dönem kelamcılarının görüş farklılıklarının hangi düzeyde olduğunu ortaya koymaktır.

Makale detayları

Husn-Qubh from Ontological and Epistemological Perspectives: An Evaluation in the Context of Mu'tazila

Yazarlar:

Huriye Sarıoğlu

Yayıncı:

Süleyman Demirel University

Ana Başlıklar:

Kelam

Dergi:

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Issue 52, pp.349-363

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001320805

pISSN:

2602-2346

Husn

Qubh

Mu

Ontology

EpistemologyHüsün

Kubuh

Mu‘tezile

Ontoloji

Epistemoloji

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Huriye Sarıoğlu

Yayıncı: Süleyman Demirel University

Ana Başlıklar: Kelam

Dergi: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Issue 52, pp.349-363

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001320805

pISSN: 2602-2346

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Huriye Sarıoğlu

Yayıncı:

Süleyman Demirel University

Ana Başlıklar:

Kelam

Dergi:

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Issue 52, pp.349-363

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001320805

pISSN:

2602-2346