The Effects of Globalization and Multinational Companies on Turkey’s Export

Banu Erkök

Makale detayları

The Effects of Globalization and Multinational Companies on Turkey’s Export

Yazarlar:

Banu Erkök

Yayıncı:

Ahmet Arif EREN

Ana Başlıklar:

Uluslararası İktisatta Bölgesel Gelişme ve Küreselleşme

Dergi:

Fiscaoeconomia Vol.7 Issue 3, pp.1837-1855

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2023

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001298454

pISSN:

2564-7504

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 With globalization, historical blocks have emerged ascribing a vital place to globalization and the worldwide integration of capital. Those blocks asserted globalizations unquestionable acceptance and supported and advocated it. Consequently, developing countries, including Turkey, started to adopt policies to promote foreign direct investment via different incentives to eradicate the lack of capital and technology in the 1980s. Turkey presents those support to those multinational companies across a variety of industries, including automobile, chemicals, and energy. In fact, Turkish exports have risen more than seventy-five-fold, reaching 225 billion dollars in 2021, compared to 1980. Those multinational companies also played a major role in this increase. The share of those companies exports in total export was approximately 18 percent between 2007 and 2017. However, their share commenced declining in 2019 which fell to 12 percent in 2021. Besides examining the top ten exporters of Turkey in 2021, we see that half of them are multinational companies, operating in the automotive sector. Moreover, the said sector was the leading exporter for more than 15 years till 2022. Assessing the foreign trade figures of those multinationals in the automotive sector, we see that their imports are also large, particularly those from their production centers. Such that they import approximately 70 units against 100 units of exports. This phenomenon severely deteriorates the current account balance of Turkey.

 With globalization, historical blocks have emerged ascribing a vital place to globalization and the worldwide integration of capital. Those blocks asserted globalizations unquestionable acceptance and supported and advocated it. Consequently, developing countries, including Turkey, started to adopt policies to promote foreign direct investment via different incentives to eradicate the lack of capital and technology in the 1980s. Turkey presents those support to those multinational companies across a variety of industries, including automobile, chemicals, and energy. In fact, Turkish exports have risen more than seventy-five-fold, reaching 225 billion dollars in 2021, compared to 1980. Those multinational companies also played a major role in this increase. The share of those companies exports in total export was approximately 18 percent between 2007 and 2017. However, their share commenced declining in 2019 which fell to 12 percent in 2021. Besides examining the top ten exporters of Turkey in 2021, we see that half of them are multinational companies, operating in the automotive sector. Moreover, the said sector was the leading exporter for more than 15 years till 2022. Assessing the foreign trade figures of those multinationals in the automotive sector, we see that their imports are also large, particularly those from their production centers. Such that they import approximately 70 units against 100 units of exports. This phenomenon severely deteriorates the current account balance of Turkey.

 With globalization, historical blocks have emerged ascribing a vital place to globalization and the worldwide integration of capital. Those blocks asserted globalizations unquestionable acceptance and supported and advocated it. Consequently, developing countries, including Turkey, started to adopt policies to promote foreign direct investment via different incentives to eradicate the lack of capital and technology in the 1980s. Turkey presents those support to those multinational companies across a variety of industries, including automobile, chemicals, and energy. In fact, Turkish exports have risen more than seventy-five-fold, reaching 225 billion dollars in 2021, compared to 1980. Those multinational companies also played a major role in this increase. The share of those companies exports in total export was approximately 18 percent between 2007 and 2017. However, their share commenced declining in 2019 which fell to 12 percent in 2021. Besides examining the top ten exporters of Turkey in 2021, we see that half of them are multinational companies, operating in the automotive sector. Moreover, the said sector was the leading exporter for more than 15 years till 2022. Assessing the foreign trade figures of those multinationals in the automotive sector, we see that their imports are also large, particularly those from their production centers. Such that they import approximately 70 units against 100 units of exports. This phenomenon severely deteriorates the current account balance of Turkey.

 Küreselleşmeyle birlikte, küreselleşmeye ve sermayenin dünya çapında entegrasyonuna hayati bir yer atfeden tarihsel bloklar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bahse konu bloklar, küreselleşmenin tartışılmaz kabulünü ileri sürmüş, desteklemiş ve savunmuşlardır. Bu doğrultuda, 1980li yıllarda Türkiyenin de aralarında bulunduğu gelişmekte olan ülkeler, sermaye ve teknoloji eksikliğini gidermek amacıyla farklı teşvikler ile çok uluslu şirket yatırımlarını özendirmeye yönelik politikalar uygulamaya başlamışlardır. Türkiye bahse konu destekleri otomobil, kimya ve enerji gibi çeşitli sektörlerde faaliyet göstermekte olan çok uluslu şirketlere sunmaktadır. Nitekim son yıllarda Türkiyenin ihracat hacminde büyük bir artış yaşanmış; 1980 yılına kıyasla yetmiş beş kattan fazla artarak 2021 yılında 225 milyar dolara ulaşmıştır. Bu artışta söz konusu şirketler de önemli rol oynamışlardır. Çok uluslu şirket ihracatlarının, toplam ihracat içindeki payının 2007-2017 yılları arasında yaklaşık yüzde 18 seviyesinde bulunduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Ancak 2019 yılından itibaren bu oran düşmeye başlamış; bahse konu şirket ihracatlarının toplam ihracat içindeki payı 2021 yılında yüzde 12ye gerilemiştir. Ayrıca Türkiyenin en çok ihracat yapan ilk on şirketini incelediğimizde, bahse konu şirketlerden yarısının otomotiv sektöründe faaliyet gösteren çok uluslu şirketler olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Ancak, otomotiv sektörü 15 yılı aşkın bir süredir lider ihracatçı sektör konumundayken, kimya sektörü 2022 yılında lider ihracatçı sektör haline gelmiştir. Otomotiv sektörünün dış ticaret rakamlarını değerlendirdiğimizde ise, özellikle üretim merkezlerinden yaptıkları ithalatın yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Öyle ki bahse konu şirketler 100 birimlik ihracata karşılık yaklaşık 70 birim ithalat yapmaktadırlar. Bu durum Türkiyenin cari işlemler dengesini ciddi şekilde bozmaktadır.

Makale detayları

The Effects of Globalization and Multinational Companies on Turkey’s Export

Yazarlar:

Banu Erkök

Yayıncı:

Ahmet Arif EREN

Ana Başlıklar:

Uluslararası İktisatta Bölgesel Gelişme ve Küreselleşme

Dergi:

Fiscaoeconomia Vol.7 Issue 3, pp.1837-1855

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2023

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001298454

pISSN:

2564-7504

Foreign Direct Investment

Multinational Companies

Export

ImportDoğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar

Çok Uluslu Şirketler

İhracat

İthalat

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Banu Erkök

Yayıncı: Ahmet Arif EREN

Ana Başlıklar: Uluslararası İktisatta Bölgesel Gelişme ve Küreselleşme

Dergi: Fiscaoeconomia Vol.7 Issue 3, pp.1837-1855

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 9/2023

Belge Dili: İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.): 2001298454

pISSN: 2564-7504

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Banu Erkök

Yayıncı:

Ahmet Arif EREN

Ana Başlıklar:

Uluslararası İktisatta Bölgesel Gelişme ve Küreselleşme

Dergi:

Fiscaoeconomia Vol.7 Issue 3, pp.1837-1855

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2023

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001298454

pISSN:

2564-7504