Between the Shah, the Tsar, and the Sultan: The Turbulent Years of Armenian Holy See of Etchmiadzin (1700-1725)

Ensar Köse

Makale detayları

Between the Shah, the Tsar, and the Sultan: The Turbulent Years of Armenian Holy See of Etchmiadzin (1700-1725)

Yazarlar:

Ensar Köse

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar:

Edebi Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Dergi:

Türkiyat Mecmuası Vol.34 Issue 1, pp.63-94

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001324400

pISSN:

2651-3188

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The focus of this study is Holy See Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin, which is the highest spiritual authority of Armenian community and society. Etcmiadzin was called Üçkilise by the Ottomans. The heads of the clergy catholicos and patriarchs led the Armenian community during the times when the Armenians lacked political unity. Therefore, it can be argued that their activities were not limited to religious rituals but also had political implications. Indeed, this study has revealed that the catholicos of Etchmiadzin, whether willingly or not, were involved in political and military events, and even took an active role from time to time. In the timeframe of this research, the political and military events in the Caucasus were relatively notable. The return of the Armenian nationalist Israel Ori from Europe to the Caucasus in 1699 on a unity mission excited the Armenian community. The expansionist policy of the Russian Tsar Peter the Great toward the region and the famous Caucasian Caspian campaign in 1722 added to this excitement and expectations of the Armenians. At this time, the Safavids were on the verge of collapse due to the Afghan rebellion, and even though Sultan Ahmed III sat on the Ottoman throne, it was his son-in-law, the Grand Vizier İbrahim Pasha of Nevşehir, who ruled the empire. Although their foreign policy was in principle peaceful, it was not possible to continue this policy in new conjuncture that emerged in the Caucasus. In the struggle between these great powers neighboring the region, the Armenian community in Revan and the Etchmiadzin clergy were forced by these powers to take sides. This study also considers how and to what extent the rivalry, even hostility, between the Armenian spiritual centers the Catholicosates of Etchmiyadzin and Gandzasar and the Patriarchate of Constantinople affected the political and military developments. The main sources of the study are mostly documents and other records in Turkish and Russian archives. In addition, a few chronicles and contemporary research works of that period were used.

 The focus of this study is Holy See Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin, which is the highest spiritual authority of Armenian community and society. Etcmiadzin was called Üçkilise by the Ottomans. The heads of the clergy catholicos and patriarchs led the Armenian community during the times when the Armenians lacked political unity. Therefore, it can be argued that their activities were not limited to religious rituals but also had political implications. Indeed, this study has revealed that the catholicos of Etchmiadzin, whether willingly or not, were involved in political and military events, and even took an active role from time to time. In the timeframe of this research, the political and military events in the Caucasus were relatively notable. The return of the Armenian nationalist Israel Ori from Europe to the Caucasus in 1699 on a unity mission excited the Armenian community. The expansionist policy of the Russian Tsar Peter the Great toward the region and the famous Caucasian Caspian campaign in 1722 added to this excitement and expectations of the Armenians. At this time, the Safavids were on the verge of collapse due to the Afghan rebellion, and even though Sultan Ahmed III sat on the Ottoman throne, it was his son-in-law, the Grand Vizier İbrahim Pasha of Nevşehir, who ruled the empire. Although their foreign policy was in principle peaceful, it was not possible to continue this policy in new conjuncture that emerged in the Caucasus. In the struggle between these great powers neighboring the region, the Armenian community in Revan and the Etchmiadzin clergy were forced by these powers to take sides. This study also considers how and to what extent the rivalry, even hostility, between the Armenian spiritual centers the Catholicosates of Etchmiyadzin and Gandzasar and the Patriarchate of Constantinople affected the political and military developments. The main sources of the study are mostly documents and other records in Turkish and Russian archives. In addition, a few chronicles and contemporary research works of that period were used.

 The focus of this study is Holy See Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin, which is the highest spiritual authority of Armenian community and society. Etcmiadzin was called Üçkilise by the Ottomans. The heads of the clergy catholicos and patriarchs led the Armenian community during the times when the Armenians lacked political unity. Therefore, it can be argued that their activities were not limited to religious rituals but also had political implications. Indeed, this study has revealed that the catholicos of Etchmiadzin, whether willingly or not, were involved in political and military events, and even took an active role from time to time. In the timeframe of this research, the political and military events in the Caucasus were relatively notable. The return of the Armenian nationalist Israel Ori from Europe to the Caucasus in 1699 on a unity mission excited the Armenian community. The expansionist policy of the Russian Tsar Peter the Great toward the region and the famous Caucasian Caspian campaign in 1722 added to this excitement and expectations of the Armenians. At this time, the Safavids were on the verge of collapse due to the Afghan rebellion, and even though Sultan Ahmed III sat on the Ottoman throne, it was his son-in-law, the Grand Vizier İbrahim Pasha of Nevşehir, who ruled the empire. Although their foreign policy was in principle peaceful, it was not possible to continue this policy in new conjuncture that emerged in the Caucasus. In the struggle between these great powers neighboring the region, the Armenian community in Revan and the Etchmiadzin clergy were forced by these powers to take sides. This study also considers how and to what extent the rivalry, even hostility, between the Armenian spiritual centers the Catholicosates of Etchmiyadzin and Gandzasar and the Patriarchate of Constantinople affected the political and military developments. The main sources of the study are mostly documents and other records in Turkish and Russian archives. In addition, a few chronicles and contemporary research works of that period were used.

 Bu çalışmanın odağında, Ermeni cemaati ve toplumunun en üst kutsal makamı olan Eçmiyadzin Katogikosluğu vardır. Osmanlılar buraya, Üçkilise demişlerdir. Ermenilerin siyasi birlikten yoksun olduğu tarihlerde, ruhban zümresinin başları katogikoslar ve patrikler, bir bakıma topluma liderlik etmişlerdir. Dolayısıyla onların faaliyeti, salt dinî ritüellerden ibaret değildir. Nitekim araştırma boyunca Eçmiyadzin katogikoslarının, isteyerek veya değil, siyasi ve askerî olaylara müdahil oldukları, hatta zaman zaman etkin rol almaktan çekinmedikleri görülmektedir. Araştırmanın zaman aralığı, genel olarak Kafkasların hareketli yıllarıdır. Ermeni milliyetçisi Israel Orinin, birlik misyonuyla 1699da Avrupadan Kafkasyaya dönmesi, Ermeni toplumunda heyecana neden olmuştur. Dönemin Rus Çarı Büyük Petronun, bölgeye yönelik genişlemeci siyaseti ve 1722deki meşhur Kafkas Hazar seferi, bu heyecanın dalga boyunu yükselttiği gibi, Ermeni toplumunun beklentisini de arttırmıştır. Bu tarihlerde, Afganların çıkardığı isyan ateşiyle kavrulan Safevî Devleti ise inkırazın eşiğindedir. Nihayet Osmanlı tahtında oturan Sultan III. Ahmed ve damadı Nevşehirli İbrahim Paşanın, ilkesel olarak yürüttüğü barışçıl siyaseti sürdürmek, Kafkaslarda ortaya çıkan bu yeni konjonktürde mümkün olamayacaktır. Bölgeye komşu bu büyük güçlerin kavgasında, Revandaki Ermeni toplumu ve Eçmiyadzin ruhbanı, bir şekilde taraf olmaya zorlanmıştır. İşte bu araştırmada, Ermeni ruhanî merkezleri Eçmiyadzin ve Gandzasar Katogikosluğu ile İstanbul Patrikliği arasındaki rekâbetin, hatta husumetin, siyasi ve askerî gelişmelerin seyrini ne yönde etkilediğine de kafa yorulmuştur. Araştırmanın temel kaynakları, büyük ölçüde, Türk ve Rus arşivindeki belge ve diğer kayıtlardır. Ayrıca dönemin şâhidi kronik yazarlarının eserlerinden ve ikincil kaynaklardan da istifade edilmiştir.

Makale detayları

Between the Shah, the Tsar, and the Sultan: The Turbulent Years of Armenian Holy See of Etchmiadzin (1700-1725)

Yazarlar:

Ensar Köse

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar:

Edebi Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Dergi:

Türkiyat Mecmuası Vol.34 Issue 1, pp.63-94

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001324400

pISSN:

2651-3188

Yerevan

Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin

Ottoman Empire

Russian Tsardom

Safavids

CaucasusRevan

Eçmiyadzin (Üçkilise) Katogikosluğu

Osmanlı Devleti

Rus Çarlığı

Safevîler

Kafkaslar

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Ensar Köse

Yayıncı: Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar: Edebi Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Dergi: Türkiyat Mecmuası Vol.34 Issue 1, pp.63-94

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001324400

pISSN: 2651-3188

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Ensar Köse

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar:

Edebi Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Dergi:

Türkiyat Mecmuası Vol.34 Issue 1, pp.63-94

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001324400

pISSN:

2651-3188