Mill (É NA4ARA5) and Grinding Stone (NA4ARA5) in Hittite Cuneiform Texts

Turgut Yiğit; Hasan Tuncer

Makale detayları

Mill (É NA4ARA5) and Grinding Stone (NA4ARA5) in Hittite Cuneiform Texts

Yazarlar:

Turgut Yiğit | Hasan Tuncer

Yayıncı:

Ankara University

Dergi:

Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri Vol.17 Issue 1, pp.231-245

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294754

pISSN:

1300-6355

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The economy of the Hittites, the people of Anatolia in the 2nd millennium BC, was primarily based on agriculture. It is read from the Hittite cuneiform documents that they grind the grain into flour, and that they obtained the bread that was included in the offerings they made to their gods as well as being the main food of the Hittite cuisine. The mill where the grain was ground to obtain flour, the raw material of bread, is expressed with the sumerogram É NA4ARA5 in Hittite cuneiform documents. The grinding stone used to grind the grain in the mill or by hand is also denoted by NA4ARA5. The documents show that it was mostly women who worked in the mill. These supposed to be slave women. In addition, it can be documented that men worked in the mill, albeit a little. Especially from the Maşathöyük Letters, we learn that men, who were stated to be blind, were forced to work in the mills and attempted to escape whenever they could.

 The economy of the Hittites, the people of Anatolia in the 2nd millennium BC, was primarily based on agriculture. It is read from the Hittite cuneiform documents that they grind the grain into flour, and that they obtained the bread that was included in the offerings they made to their gods as well as being the main food of the Hittite cuisine. The mill where the grain was ground to obtain flour, the raw material of bread, is expressed with the sumerogram É NA4ARA5 in Hittite cuneiform documents. The grinding stone used to grind the grain in the mill or by hand is also denoted by NA4ARA5. The documents show that it was mostly women who worked in the mill. These supposed to be slave women. In addition, it can be documented that men worked in the mill, albeit a little. Especially from the Maşathöyük Letters, we learn that men, who were stated to be blind, were forced to work in the mills and attempted to escape whenever they could.

 The economy of the Hittites, the people of Anatolia in the 2nd millennium BC, was primarily based on agriculture. It is read from the Hittite cuneiform documents that they grind the grain into flour, and that they obtained the bread that was included in the offerings they made to their gods as well as being the main food of the Hittite cuisine. The mill where the grain was ground to obtain flour, the raw material of bread, is expressed with the sumerogram É NA4ARA5 in Hittite cuneiform documents. The grinding stone used to grind the grain in the mill or by hand is also denoted by NA4ARA5. The documents show that it was mostly women who worked in the mill. These supposed to be slave women. In addition, it can be documented that men worked in the mill, albeit a little. Especially from the Maşathöyük Letters, we learn that men, who were stated to be blind, were forced to work in the mills and attempted to escape whenever they could.

 Anadolunun MÖ 2. binyıldaki halkı Hititlerin ekonomisi öncelikle tarıma dayanmaktaydı. Onlardan günümüze ulaşan yazılı belgelerden tahılı öğüterek un haline getirdikleri, Hitit mutfağının temel yiyeceği olmasının yanı sıra tanrılarına yaptıkları sunularda da yer alan ekmeği elde ettikleri okunmaktadır. Ekmeğin hammaddesi olan unun elde edilmesi için tahılın öğütüldüğü değirmen, Hititçe çivi yazılı belgelerde É NA4ARA5 sumerogramı ile ifade edilmiştir. Değirmende ya da elde tahılın öğütülmesi işinde kullanılan öğütme taşı da NA4ARA5 ile ifade edilmiştir. Belgeler bize değirmende çalışanların daha çok kadınlar olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunlar köle kadınlar olmalıydılar. Bunun yanında erkeklerin de az da olsa değirmende çalışmış oldukları belgelenebilmektedir. Özellikle Maşathöyük Mektuplarından kör oldukları belirtilen erkeklerin değirmenlerde zorla çalıştırıldıklarını, fırsat bulduklarında kaçmaya teşebbüs ettiklerini öğrenmekteyiz.

Makale detayları

Mill (É NA4ARA5) and Grinding Stone (NA4ARA5) in Hittite Cuneiform Texts

Yazarlar:

Turgut Yiğit | Hasan Tuncer

Yayıncı:

Ankara University

Dergi:

Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri Vol.17 Issue 1, pp.231-245

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294754

pISSN:

1300-6355

Hittite

cuneiform

mill

grinding stoneHitit

çivi yazısı

değirmen

öğütme taşı

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Turgut Yiğit | Hasan Tuncer

Yayıncı: Ankara University

Dergi: Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri Vol.17 Issue 1, pp.231-245

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001294754

pISSN: 1300-6355

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Turgut Yiğit | Hasan Tuncer

Yayıncı:

Ankara University

Dergi:

Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri Vol.17 Issue 1, pp.231-245

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294754

pISSN:

1300-6355