An Examination of The Application of Financial Penalties Under Ta‘zīr in Islamic Law

Zübeyir Aslan

Makale detayları

An Examination of The Application of Financial Penalties Under Ta‘zīr in Islamic Law

Yazarlar:

Zübeyir Aslan

Yayıncı:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.13 Issue 1, pp.183-205

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001351908

pISSN:

2717-610X

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Islamic criminal law, including the field of transactions, has taken a series of deterrent measures to prevent violations within society. In this context, certain punishments such as retaliation qiṣaṣ, compensation diyah, and corporal punishment ḥadd have their nature and amount directly determined by the legislator shariʿ in the texts. These types of punishments cannot be altered by increasing or decreasing them, nor can they be interpreted differently depending on the individual or context, and they remain unchanged. Additionally, the penalties for certain crimes are indirectly mentioned in the texts. The form and amount of punishments, referred to as  taʿzīr  in Islamic jurisprudence, have been left to the discretion of the authorities, depending on the time and place. This method of punishment, which is applied by authorities through financial penalties for the violation of certain transactions and contracts, as well as unlawful actions, aims to correct, deter, and discipline. The failure to pay debts on time, and the resulting disputes between the parties, are among the leading economic problems today. Indeed, one often encounters delayed payments and penalties for such delays. In this regard, the delay interest and penalties for late payments arising in such contracts have been evaluated within this scope. In our study, the main issue of financial tazir punishment according to the different Islamic legal schools maẕhabs is discussed; accordingly, the statute of limitations, time periods, and the status of the delay interest and late payment penalties applied by various institutions, organizations, and individuals in the case of delayed payments are explored in line with the opinions and suggestions of contemporary Islamic jurists.

 Islamic criminal law, including the field of transactions, has taken a series of deterrent measures to prevent violations within society. In this context, certain punishments such as retaliation qiṣaṣ, compensation diyah, and corporal punishment ḥadd have their nature and amount directly determined by the legislator shariʿ in the texts. These types of punishments cannot be altered by increasing or decreasing them, nor can they be interpreted differently depending on the individual or context, and they remain unchanged. Additionally, the penalties for certain crimes are indirectly mentioned in the texts. The form and amount of punishments, referred to as  taʿzīr  in Islamic jurisprudence, have been left to the discretion of the authorities, depending on the time and place. This method of punishment, which is applied by authorities through financial penalties for the violation of certain transactions and contracts, as well as unlawful actions, aims to correct, deter, and discipline. The failure to pay debts on time, and the resulting disputes between the parties, are among the leading economic problems today. Indeed, one often encounters delayed payments and penalties for such delays. In this regard, the delay interest and penalties for late payments arising in such contracts have been evaluated within this scope. In our study, the main issue of financial tazir punishment according to the different Islamic legal schools maẕhabs is discussed; accordingly, the statute of limitations, time periods, and the status of the delay interest and late payment penalties applied by various institutions, organizations, and individuals in the case of delayed payments are explored in line with the opinions and suggestions of contemporary Islamic jurists.

 Islamic criminal law, including the field of transactions, has taken a series of deterrent measures to prevent violations within society. In this context, certain punishments such as retaliation qiṣaṣ, compensation diyah, and corporal punishment ḥadd have their nature and amount directly determined by the legislator shariʿ in the texts. These types of punishments cannot be altered by increasing or decreasing them, nor can they be interpreted differently depending on the individual or context, and they remain unchanged. Additionally, the penalties for certain crimes are indirectly mentioned in the texts. The form and amount of punishments, referred to as  taʿzīr  in Islamic jurisprudence, have been left to the discretion of the authorities, depending on the time and place. This method of punishment, which is applied by authorities through financial penalties for the violation of certain transactions and contracts, as well as unlawful actions, aims to correct, deter, and discipline. The failure to pay debts on time, and the resulting disputes between the parties, are among the leading economic problems today. Indeed, one often encounters delayed payments and penalties for such delays. In this regard, the delay interest and penalties for late payments arising in such contracts have been evaluated within this scope. In our study, the main issue of financial tazir punishment according to the different Islamic legal schools maẕhabs is discussed; accordingly, the statute of limitations, time periods, and the status of the delay interest and late payment penalties applied by various institutions, organizations, and individuals in the case of delayed payments are explored in line with the opinions and suggestions of contemporary Islamic jurists.

 İslâm ceza hukuku, muamelat alanı dâhil toplumdaki ihlalleri önlemek amacıyla birtakım caydırıcı tedbirler almıştır. Bu bağlamda kısas, diyet ve had gibi bazı cezaların mahiyet ve miktarı doğrudan şâri tarafından naslarda belirlenmiştir. Bu tür cezalara, miktarda artma veya eksiltme yoluyla müdahale edilemez, aynı zamanda kişi ve konuma göre tevil edilemez, değişiklik gösteremez. Bunun yanında birtakım suçların cezalarına naslarda dolaylı olarak değinilmiştir. Fıkıh literatüründe tazîr olarak tabir edilen bu nevi cezalandırmaların şekil ve miktarının zaman ve zemine göre tespit edilmesi ulül-emre bırakılmıştır. Yetki sahibi kişilerin, insanların yaptıkları birtakım alışveriş ve sözleşmelerin ihlal edilmesi ile meşru olmayan bazı fiillerin yapılması dolayısıyla verilen mali müeyyidelerle uyguladıkları bu nevi cezalandırma yöntemi tedip, caydırma ve uslandırma amacını taşımaktadır. Borçların zamanında ödenmemesi ve bunun neticesinde tarafların nizaa düşmesi de günümüz ekonomik problemlerinin başında gelmektedir. Nitekim günümüzde sık sık temerrüde düşen borçlarla bunlara uygulanan gecikme cezalarıyla karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu itibarla bu tarz sözleşmelerde ortaya çıkan temerrüt faizi ile ödemeleri geciktirme cezaları bu kapsamda değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmamızda ana problem olarak fıkıh mezheplerine göre mali tazîr cezası ele alınmış; buna bağlı olarak zaman aşımı ve süreleri ile günümüzde çeşitli kurum, kuruluş ve kişilerin, borçların ödenmesinin geciktirilmesi durumunda uyguladıkları temerrüt faizi ile gecikme cezasının fıkhî durumu, yakın zaman İslâm hukukçularının görüş ve önerileri doğrultusunda araştırılmıştır.

Makale detayları

An Examination of The Application of Financial Penalties Under Ta‘zīr in Islamic Law

Yazarlar:

Zübeyir Aslan

Yayıncı:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.13 Issue 1, pp.183-205

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001351908

pISSN:

2717-610X

Islamic Law

Taʿzīr

Financial Penalty

Delay Penalty

Monetary Fine.İslâm Hukuku

Ta‘zîr

Mali Müeyyide

Gecikme Cezası

Para Cezası.

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Zübeyir Aslan

Yayıncı: Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Hukuku

Dergi: Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.13 Issue 1, pp.183-205

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001351908

pISSN: 2717-610X

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Zübeyir Aslan

Yayıncı:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.13 Issue 1, pp.183-205

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001351908

pISSN:

2717-610X