Examples of Alam 19ᵗʰ-Century Ottoman Architecture Found in Suriçi

Fatih Sarımeşe

Makale detayları

Examples of Alam 19ᵗʰ-Century Ottoman Architecture Found in Suriçi

Yazarlar:

Fatih Sarımeşe

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Dergi:

Art-Sanat Issue 19, pp.481-516

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001283656

pISSN:

2148-3582

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The alams finials placed on the tops of qubba, vaults, and cones used as roofs in traditional architecture developed in accordance with the architecture of the period in which they were built. The alam, whose use in Turkish art dates back to pre-Islamic times, appears to have been used for the first time in Turkish and Islamic architecture during the Kara- Khanid Khanate. The alams made of marble and metal materials continued to develop in Anatolia with the Seljuks and Principalities. During the Ottoman period, the alams reached their peak with the examples in Istanbul and became the complementary and indispensable element on top of the qubba. In the early Ottoman architecture in Istanbul, alams with a crescent shape atop were generally preferred. The appearance of these alams also changed alongside the changes in the style of architectural structures. Under the influence of the Baroque style in the 18th century, the points of the crescent alams were bent outwards and began to turn into a design reminiscent of a horn shape. The Ottoman style, especially during the reign of Sultan Mahmud II, affected the alams in the 19th century. In addition, designs involving a crescent and radial arrangement were used together with the crescent and star in this period. The status of the person who had the structure built, the increase in foreign influences in architecture, and the absence of a certain unity of style unity can be said to have been effective in the choice of alam. This effect enabled alams to be made in the same period in different styles. This study focuses on the alams of 14 different structures belonging to the 19th century that are representative of different styles; examines the designs, materials, and techniques; and has determined the presence of a stylistic unity between the buildings and their alams.

 The alams finials placed on the tops of qubba, vaults, and cones used as roofs in traditional architecture developed in accordance with the architecture of the period in which they were built. The alam, whose use in Turkish art dates back to pre-Islamic times, appears to have been used for the first time in Turkish and Islamic architecture during the Kara- Khanid Khanate. The alams made of marble and metal materials continued to develop in Anatolia with the Seljuks and Principalities. During the Ottoman period, the alams reached their peak with the examples in Istanbul and became the complementary and indispensable element on top of the qubba. In the early Ottoman architecture in Istanbul, alams with a crescent shape atop were generally preferred. The appearance of these alams also changed alongside the changes in the style of architectural structures. Under the influence of the Baroque style in the 18th century, the points of the crescent alams were bent outwards and began to turn into a design reminiscent of a horn shape. The Ottoman style, especially during the reign of Sultan Mahmud II, affected the alams in the 19th century. In addition, designs involving a crescent and radial arrangement were used together with the crescent and star in this period. The status of the person who had the structure built, the increase in foreign influences in architecture, and the absence of a certain unity of style unity can be said to have been effective in the choice of alam. This effect enabled alams to be made in the same period in different styles. This study focuses on the alams of 14 different structures belonging to the 19th century that are representative of different styles; examines the designs, materials, and techniques; and has determined the presence of a stylistic unity between the buildings and their alams.

 The alams finials placed on the tops of qubba, vaults, and cones used as roofs in traditional architecture developed in accordance with the architecture of the period in which they were built. The alam, whose use in Turkish art dates back to pre-Islamic times, appears to have been used for the first time in Turkish and Islamic architecture during the Kara- Khanid Khanate. The alams made of marble and metal materials continued to develop in Anatolia with the Seljuks and Principalities. During the Ottoman period, the alams reached their peak with the examples in Istanbul and became the complementary and indispensable element on top of the qubba. In the early Ottoman architecture in Istanbul, alams with a crescent shape atop were generally preferred. The appearance of these alams also changed alongside the changes in the style of architectural structures. Under the influence of the Baroque style in the 18th century, the points of the crescent alams were bent outwards and began to turn into a design reminiscent of a horn shape. The Ottoman style, especially during the reign of Sultan Mahmud II, affected the alams in the 19th century. In addition, designs involving a crescent and radial arrangement were used together with the crescent and star in this period. The status of the person who had the structure built, the increase in foreign influences in architecture, and the absence of a certain unity of style unity can be said to have been effective in the choice of alam. This effect enabled alams to be made in the same period in different styles. This study focuses on the alams of 14 different structures belonging to the 19th century that are representative of different styles; examines the designs, materials, and techniques; and has determined the presence of a stylistic unity between the buildings and their alams.

 Geleneksel mimaride üst örtü olarak kullanılan kubbe, tonoz ve külahların tepelerine yerleştirilen alemler yapıldıkları dönem mimarisine uygun bir şekilde gelişim göstermiştir. Türk sanatında kullanımı İslamiyet öncesine dayanan alem, Türk- İslam mimarisinde ise ilk defa Karahanlılar döneminde görülmektedir. Mermer ve madeni malzemelerden yapılan alemler, Anadoluda Selçuklular ve Beylikler devri ile gelişimini sürdürmüştür. Osmanlılarda özellikle İstanbuldaki örnekleriyle zirveye ulaşan alemler, üst örtünün tamamlayıcı ve vazgeçilmez unsuru olmuştur. İstanbuldaki erken örneklerde genellikle tepesi hilal şeklinde sona eren alemler görülmektedir. Mimari yapıların üsluplarıyla birlikte alemlerin görünümü de değişmiştir. 18. yüzyılda Barok üslubun etkisiyle hilalin uçları dışa kıvrılmış olup alemler boynuz şeklini hatırlatan bir tasarıma dönüşmeye başlamıştır. 19. yüzyılda ise özellikle Sultan II. Mahmud devrinde etkili olan Ampir üslup alemleri etkilemiştir. Ayrıca bu dönemde hilal ve ışınsal düzenlemeye sahip tasarımlar ile hilal ve yıldız bir arada kullanılmıştır. Alem seçiminde yapıyı inşa ettiren kişinin statüsünün mimaride yabancı etkilerin artmasının ve belirli bir üslup birliğinin olmamasının etkili olduğu söylenebilir. Bu etki aynı dönemde ancak farklı üslupta yapılmış alem türlerini takip edilmesini sağlamıştır. 19. yüzyıla ait 14 farklı yapıya ait alemin incelendiği bu çalışmada farklı üslupları temsil eden alemlerin tasarımları, malzemeleri ve teknikleri incelenmiş olup yapı ile alem arasında üslup birliğinin sağlanmaya çalışıldığı tespit edilmiştir.

Makale detayları

Examples of Alam 19ᵗʰ-Century Ottoman Architecture Found in Suriçi

Yazarlar:

Fatih Sarımeşe

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Dergi:

Art-Sanat Issue 19, pp.481-516

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001283656

pISSN:

2148-3582

Architecture

Ottoman architecture

qubba

alam

Mimari

Osmanlı Mimarisi

Kubbe

Alem

Suriçi

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Fatih Sarımeşe

Yayıncı: Istanbul University

Dergi: Art-Sanat Issue 19, pp.481-516

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 1/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001283656

pISSN: 2148-3582

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Fatih Sarımeşe

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Dergi:

Art-Sanat Issue 19, pp.481-516

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001283656

pISSN:

2148-3582