REFLEX AGAINST THE EPIDEMIC: CHOLERA EPIDEMIC IN MILITARY UNITS IN İZMİR, PRECAUTIONS AND EFFECTS (1913)

Erol Karcı

Makale detayları

REFLEX AGAINST THE EPIDEMIC: CHOLERA EPIDEMIC IN MILITARY UNITS IN İZMİR, PRECAUTIONS AND EFFECTS (1913)

Yazarlar:

Erol Karcı

Yayıncı:

Dokuz Eylul University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türk Siyasi Tarihi | Yakınçağ Kent Tarihi | Yakınçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Dergi:

Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.25 Issue 50, pp.99-130

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

7/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001355706

pISSN:

1300-0756

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Cholera is an indigenous disease of the Indian geography. Cholera, which was seen almost exclusively in India without travelling outside the Asian continent until 1817, had 6 major pandemics in the 19th century. This disease, which was first seen in the Ottoman lands in 1822, was first seen in Izmir in 1831. Izmir, located on an international trade route, has faced many epidemics throughout history. After 1831, many people lost their lives, especially due to cholera epidemics.The Ottoman Empire spent the summer months of 1913 with the military and diplomatic intensity brought about by the Second Balkan War. Balkan War II, which started when Bulgaria attacked the Serbian and Greek armies, was closely followed by the Ottoman Empire and Edirne, Kırklareli and Pınarhisar, which had been lost in Balkan War I, were recaptured. Archival documents show that military vigilance continued during the armistice and treaty process that started shortly after the recapture of Edirne. The aim of our study is to reveal the reflexes shown by the Izmir Military Hospital and the military authorities against the cholera epidemic that started first in the city and then among the soldiers in the summer of 1913 and the measures taken in the military units. Within this framework, the consequences of the outbreak and its effects on the military dispatches to Istanbul, Thrace and Yemen were also mentioned. The main sources of our study are the documents of the Military History Archive of the Ministry of National Defence and the Ottoman Archives. In addition, research works related to our subject were also utilised.

 Cholera is an indigenous disease of the Indian geography. Cholera, which was seen almost exclusively in India without travelling outside the Asian continent until 1817, had 6 major pandemics in the 19th century. This disease, which was first seen in the Ottoman lands in 1822, was first seen in Izmir in 1831. Izmir, located on an international trade route, has faced many epidemics throughout history. After 1831, many people lost their lives, especially due to cholera epidemics.The Ottoman Empire spent the summer months of 1913 with the military and diplomatic intensity brought about by the Second Balkan War. Balkan War II, which started when Bulgaria attacked the Serbian and Greek armies, was closely followed by the Ottoman Empire and Edirne, Kırklareli and Pınarhisar, which had been lost in Balkan War I, were recaptured. Archival documents show that military vigilance continued during the armistice and treaty process that started shortly after the recapture of Edirne. The aim of our study is to reveal the reflexes shown by the Izmir Military Hospital and the military authorities against the cholera epidemic that started first in the city and then among the soldiers in the summer of 1913 and the measures taken in the military units. Within this framework, the consequences of the outbreak and its effects on the military dispatches to Istanbul, Thrace and Yemen were also mentioned. The main sources of our study are the documents of the Military History Archive of the Ministry of National Defence and the Ottoman Archives. In addition, research works related to our subject were also utilised.

 Cholera is an indigenous disease of the Indian geography. Cholera, which was seen almost exclusively in India without travelling outside the Asian continent until 1817, had 6 major pandemics in the 19th century. This disease, which was first seen in the Ottoman lands in 1822, was first seen in Izmir in 1831. Izmir, located on an international trade route, has faced many epidemics throughout history. After 1831, many people lost their lives, especially due to cholera epidemics.The Ottoman Empire spent the summer months of 1913 with the military and diplomatic intensity brought about by the Second Balkan War. Balkan War II, which started when Bulgaria attacked the Serbian and Greek armies, was closely followed by the Ottoman Empire and Edirne, Kırklareli and Pınarhisar, which had been lost in Balkan War I, were recaptured. Archival documents show that military vigilance continued during the armistice and treaty process that started shortly after the recapture of Edirne. The aim of our study is to reveal the reflexes shown by the Izmir Military Hospital and the military authorities against the cholera epidemic that started first in the city and then among the soldiers in the summer of 1913 and the measures taken in the military units. Within this framework, the consequences of the outbreak and its effects on the military dispatches to Istanbul, Thrace and Yemen were also mentioned. The main sources of our study are the documents of the Military History Archive of the Ministry of National Defence and the Ottoman Archives. In addition, research works related to our subject were also utilised.

 Kolera, Hindistan coğrafyasının yerli hastalığıdır. 1817ye kadar Asya kıtasının dışına çıkmadan neredeyse sadece Hindistanda görülen kolera, 19. yüzyılda 6 büyük pandemiye neden olmuştur. Osmanlı topraklarında ilk defa 1822de görülen bu hastalık İzmirde ise ilk defa 1831de görülmüştür. Uluslararası bir ticaret yolu üzerinde bulunan İzmir tarih boyunca birçok salgın hastalıkla karşılaşmıştır. 1831 sonrasında özellikle kolera salgınları nedeniyle birçok insan hayatını kaybetmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti, 1913 yılının yaz aylarını II. Balkan Savaşının getirdiği askerî ve diplomatik yoğunlukla geçirmiştir. Bulgaristanın, Sırp ve Yunan ordularına saldırmasıyla başlayan II. Balkan Savaşı, Osmanlı Devleti tarafından yakından takip edilmiş ve yapılan ileri harekatla I. Balkan Savaşında kaybedilen Edirne, Kırklareli ve Pınarhisar geri alınmıştır. Arşiv belgeleri Edirnenin geri alınmasından kısa süre sonra başlayan ateşkes ve antlaşma sürecinde askerî teyakkuz durumunun devam ettiğini göstermektedir. Çalışmamızın amacı 1913 yazında önce şehirde başlayan daha sonra ise askerler arasında görülen kolera salgınına karşı İzmir Askerî Hastanesi ve askerî makamlarca gösterilen refleksi ve askerî birliklerde alınan tedbirleri ortaya koymaktır. Bu çerçevede salgının sonuçlarına, teyakkuz durumundaki İstanbul ve Trakya ile Yemene yapılan asker sevkiyatına etkilerine de değinilmiştir. Çalışmamızın temel kaynağı Millî Savunma Bakanlığı Askerî Tarih Arşivi ile Osmanlı Arşivi belgeleridir. Bununla birlikte konumuza ilişkin araştırma eserlerinden de yararlanılmıştır.

Makale detayları

REFLEX AGAINST THE EPIDEMIC: CHOLERA EPIDEMIC IN MILITARY UNITS IN İZMİR, PRECAUTIONS AND EFFECTS (1913)

Yazarlar:

Erol Karcı

Yayıncı:

Dokuz Eylul University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türk Siyasi Tarihi | Yakınçağ Kent Tarihi | Yakınçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Dergi:

Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.25 Issue 50, pp.99-130

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

7/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001355706

pISSN:

1300-0756

İzmir

cholera

Ottoman Empire

Ömer Vasfi

İzmir Military Hospital

Balkan War II.İzmir

kolera

Osmanlı Devleti

Ömer Vasfi

İzmir Askeri Hastanesi

II. Balkan Savaşı

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Erol Karcı

Yayıncı: Dokuz Eylul University

Ana Başlıklar: Türk Siyasi Tarihi | Yakınçağ Kent Tarihi | Yakınçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Dergi: Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.25 Issue 50, pp.99-130

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 7/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001355706

pISSN: 1300-0756

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Erol Karcı

Yayıncı:

Dokuz Eylul University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türk Siyasi Tarihi | Yakınçağ Kent Tarihi | Yakınçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Dergi:

Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.25 Issue 50, pp.99-130

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

7/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001355706

pISSN:

1300-0756