Penalties of Tazir within the Framework of Ottoman Law Codes and İstanbul Court Registers

Muhammed Necat Artukoğlu

Makale detayları

Penalties of Tazir within the Framework of Ottoman Law Codes and İstanbul Court Registers

Yazarlar:

Muhammed Necat Artukoğlu

Yayıncı:

Erzincan Binali Yildirim University

Ana Başlıklar:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Dergi:

Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 1, pp.215-277

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350338

pISSN:

2651-494X

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 This study focuses on tazir punishments in Ottoman criminal law in the context of Ottoman codes and court registers. Islamic law, called fiqh, is divided into various parts. Islamic criminal law uqubat is one of these sections. In the books of Uqubat, the classification of hadd, qisas and tazir offences and punishments is widely used and accepted. Tazir offences and punishments are the offences for which the Shari has not determined a specific punishment by the Quran or hadiths, but which are prohibited by the Shari because they cause confusion in the society. The determination of these offences and the penalties to be imposed for these offences are determined by the head of state or the qadi appointed by him according to the best interests of the state. In Ottoman law, until the Tanzimat period, the regulation of tazir offences and punishments were regulated through general law codes. During the Tanzimat period, three penal codes were enacted in 1840, 1851 and 1858 and the offences and punishments of tazir were regulated in these codes. In the Ottoman Empire, punishments such as death, imprisonment special forms of imprisonment such as galleys, prangabent and kalebent, fines, caning and exile were imposed as tazir punishments. In addition, as can be seen from the numerous court registers, the above-mentioned and various other tazir penalties were frequently imposed on the offender. This study firstly examines the general characteristics of Islamic criminal law and the classification of the crimes of hadd, qisas and tazir, and then limits and analyses the crimes and punishments of tazir in the Ottoman period, especially by making use of the law codes and court registers.

 This study focuses on tazir punishments in Ottoman criminal law in the context of Ottoman codes and court registers. Islamic law, called fiqh, is divided into various parts. Islamic criminal law uqubat is one of these sections. In the books of Uqubat, the classification of hadd, qisas and tazir offences and punishments is widely used and accepted. Tazir offences and punishments are the offences for which the Shari has not determined a specific punishment by the Quran or hadiths, but which are prohibited by the Shari because they cause confusion in the society. The determination of these offences and the penalties to be imposed for these offences are determined by the head of state or the qadi appointed by him according to the best interests of the state. In Ottoman law, until the Tanzimat period, the regulation of tazir offences and punishments were regulated through general law codes. During the Tanzimat period, three penal codes were enacted in 1840, 1851 and 1858 and the offences and punishments of tazir were regulated in these codes. In the Ottoman Empire, punishments such as death, imprisonment special forms of imprisonment such as galleys, prangabent and kalebent, fines, caning and exile were imposed as tazir punishments. In addition, as can be seen from the numerous court registers, the above-mentioned and various other tazir penalties were frequently imposed on the offender. This study firstly examines the general characteristics of Islamic criminal law and the classification of the crimes of hadd, qisas and tazir, and then limits and analyses the crimes and punishments of tazir in the Ottoman period, especially by making use of the law codes and court registers.

 This study focuses on tazir punishments in Ottoman criminal law in the context of Ottoman codes and court registers. Islamic law, called fiqh, is divided into various parts. Islamic criminal law uqubat is one of these sections. In the books of Uqubat, the classification of hadd, qisas and tazir offences and punishments is widely used and accepted. Tazir offences and punishments are the offences for which the Shari has not determined a specific punishment by the Quran or hadiths, but which are prohibited by the Shari because they cause confusion in the society. The determination of these offences and the penalties to be imposed for these offences are determined by the head of state or the qadi appointed by him according to the best interests of the state. In Ottoman law, until the Tanzimat period, the regulation of tazir offences and punishments were regulated through general law codes. During the Tanzimat period, three penal codes were enacted in 1840, 1851 and 1858 and the offences and punishments of tazir were regulated in these codes. In the Ottoman Empire, punishments such as death, imprisonment special forms of imprisonment such as galleys, prangabent and kalebent, fines, caning and exile were imposed as tazir punishments. In addition, as can be seen from the numerous court registers, the above-mentioned and various other tazir penalties were frequently imposed on the offender. This study firstly examines the general characteristics of Islamic criminal law and the classification of the crimes of hadd, qisas and tazir, and then limits and analyses the crimes and punishments of tazir in the Ottoman period, especially by making use of the law codes and court registers.

 Bu çalışma, Osmanlı kanunnameleri ve şeriye sicilleri bağlamında Osmanlı ceza hukukundaki tazir cezalarına odaklanmaktadır. Fıkıh diye adlandırılan İslam hukuku, çeşitli kısımlara ayrılır. İslam ceza hukuku ukubat bu kısımlardandır. Ukubat kitaplarında, had-kısas ve tazir suç ve cezalarının tasnifi yaygın olarak kullanılmakta ve kabul görmektedir. Tazir suç ve cezaları; Şariin hakkında, Kuran- Kerim veya hadis-i şeriflerle belirli bir ceza tespit etmediği, ancak toplumda karmaşaya neden olduğu için Şari tarafından yasaklanmış olan suçlardır. Bu suçların tespiti ve suçlara ilişkin verilecek cezalar devlet başkanı veya görevlendireceği kadı tarafından maslahata göre takdir edilir. Osmanlı hukukunda Tanzimat dönemine kadar, tazir suç ve cezalarının düzenlenmesi umumi kanunnameler yoluyla olmuştur. Tanzimat döneminde ise, 1840, 1851 ve 1858 yıllarında üç tane ceza kanunnamesi çıkarılmış ve tazir suç ve cezaları bu kanunnamelerde düzenlenmiştir. Osmanlıda, tazir cezası olarak da ölüm, hapis cezası hapis cezasının özel infaz şekilleri olan kürek cezası, prangabentlik cezası ve kalebentlik cezası, para cezaları, darb sopa cezası, sürgün cezası gibi cezalar verilmiştir. Ayrıca çok sayıda şeriye sicilinden anlaşılacağı üzere yukarıda bahsettiğimiz ve bunlardan ayrı çeşitli tazir cezaları sıklıkla uygunsuz eylemi gerçekleştirene verilmiştir. Bu çalışma, önce İslam ceza hukukunun genel özelliklerini ile had-kısas-tazir suçlarının sınıflandırılmasını ve esasen daha sonra Osmanlı dönemindeki tazir suç ve cezalarını bilhassa kanunnameler ve şeriye sicillerinden yararlanarak sınırlandırıp incelemektedir.

Makale detayları

Penalties of Tazir within the Framework of Ottoman Law Codes and İstanbul Court Registers

Yazarlar:

Muhammed Necat Artukoğlu

Yayıncı:

Erzincan Binali Yildirim University

Ana Başlıklar:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Dergi:

Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 1, pp.215-277

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350338

pISSN:

2651-494X

Ta’zir

Hadd

Qisas

Uqubat

Court Registers

Law CodesTa’zir

Had

Kısas

Ukubat

Şer’iye Sicilleri

Kanunnameler

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Muhammed Necat Artukoğlu

Yayıncı: Erzincan Binali Yildirim University

Ana Başlıklar: Hukuk (Diğer)

Dergi: Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 1, pp.215-277

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001350338

pISSN: 2651-494X

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Muhammed Necat Artukoğlu

Yayıncı:

Erzincan Binali Yildirim University

Ana Başlıklar:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Dergi:

Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 1, pp.215-277

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350338

pISSN:

2651-494X