The Classification of the World from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence and its Impact on the Issues of Migration and Immigrants

Muhammed Reşit Varol

Makale detayları

The Classification of the World from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence and its Impact on the Issues of Migration and Immigrants

Yazarlar:

Muhammed Reşit Varol

Yayıncı:

Harran University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Harran İlahiyat Dergisi Issue 51, pp.46-66

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Arapça

Document ID (Org No.):

2001319175

pISSN:

2791-6812

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 This research addresses the classification of the world from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence and its impact on the modern world. As it is known, Islamic jurists divide the world into Dār al-Islām the land ruled by the believers of Allah and Dār al-Harb the land of war also referred to as Dār al-Kufr. However, adding Dār al-ʿAhd the Land of the Covenant to this classification, some jurists mention three types of lands. The present study discusses the criteria jurists have laid down to distinguish between the two lands. These criteria are sovereignty and the rule of law that is in practice. Similarly, the study also discusses the extent to which it is permissible to consider the religion of the most of the population when judging the land to be Dār al-Islām or Dār al-Harb. It outlines the evidence on which scholars relied to classify the world, along with answering the following questions about the basis of this classification today: Can it be said that it is a customary classification in which scholars have considered the status of the world of their own times only; hence it can be revisited, or is it an unchangeable classification made based on the Book and Sunnah? The study also discusses some researchers claim that the Fiqh-based classification of the world is no longer valid. The present study then proceeds to discuss the impact of the classification of the world from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence in todays world. This is because such a dual classification has implications for many Sharīʿa provisions. There is a consensus about some of these provisions, such as the compulsory Wajib migration from Dār al-Harb to Dār al-Islām and the disapproval marriage in Dar al-Harb al-Islam because of the concern for children its being Makrūh. However, scholars disagreed over some provisions, including the possibility of invalid conduct in Dār al-Harb, such as Ribā, gambling, giving hadd punishments to those who do what they should not do, and the breaking of matrimonial bonds when the spouses are in different lands. The present study is critically important because it addresses the issues arising from the classification of the world based on the Islamic jurisprudence. Such issues can hardly be ignored as many Muslims in Islamic countries have recently been migrating to non-Islamic ones. It is now essential to revisit some of the provisions that the fuqahāʾ have suggested for Dār al-Harb because the current situation of the world has changed, and Muslims and non-Muslims are no longer at war, due to international institutions that aim to establish peace in the word. Following an analytical approach, the researcher examined what Muslim jurists stated and how their words accounted for the cases of immigrants, to properly understand them. The researcher referred to the main books of Islamic jurisprudence and Sharīʿa politics, along with contemporary books. The present study revealed that the jurisprudential division of the world is not open to discussion. This is not only because such a division is not an Ijtihād that is made considering the conditions of the Islamic jurists own times, but also because there are some indications of this division in the Book and Sunnah. However, some of the judgements adopted by the fuqahāʾ based on this division need revisiting. An example of this is the provisions that Islamic Jurists established for Dār al-Harb based on the existence of hostility between non-Muslims and Muslims. Another key conclusion is that some of the judgements resulting from the jurisprudential division of the world are still valid. These are the provisions that protect the Muslim personality and Islamic morality. Likewise, this study suggests that some of the issues based on the division of the world, which are not subject to change, are not affected by the status of international relations. Most of these are devotional taabbudi provisions.

 This research addresses the classification of the world from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence and its impact on the modern world. As it is known, Islamic jurists divide the world into Dār al-Islām the land ruled by the believers of Allah and Dār al-Harb the land of war also referred to as Dār al-Kufr. However, adding Dār al-ʿAhd the Land of the Covenant to this classification, some jurists mention three types of lands. The present study discusses the criteria jurists have laid down to distinguish between the two lands. These criteria are sovereignty and the rule of law that is in practice. Similarly, the study also discusses the extent to which it is permissible to consider the religion of the most of the population when judging the land to be Dār al-Islām or Dār al-Harb. It outlines the evidence on which scholars relied to classify the world, along with answering the following questions about the basis of this classification today: Can it be said that it is a customary classification in which scholars have considered the status of the world of their own times only; hence it can be revisited, or is it an unchangeable classification made based on the Book and Sunnah? The study also discusses some researchers claim that the Fiqh-based classification of the world is no longer valid. The present study then proceeds to discuss the impact of the classification of the world from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence in todays world. This is because such a dual classification has implications for many Sharīʿa provisions. There is a consensus about some of these provisions, such as the compulsory Wajib migration from Dār al-Harb to Dār al-Islām and the disapproval marriage in Dar al-Harb al-Islam because of the concern for children its being Makrūh. However, scholars disagreed over some provisions, including the possibility of invalid conduct in Dār al-Harb, such as Ribā, gambling, giving hadd punishments to those who do what they should not do, and the breaking of matrimonial bonds when the spouses are in different lands. The present study is critically important because it addresses the issues arising from the classification of the world based on the Islamic jurisprudence. Such issues can hardly be ignored as many Muslims in Islamic countries have recently been migrating to non-Islamic ones. It is now essential to revisit some of the provisions that the fuqahāʾ have suggested for Dār al-Harb because the current situation of the world has changed, and Muslims and non-Muslims are no longer at war, due to international institutions that aim to establish peace in the word. Following an analytical approach, the researcher examined what Muslim jurists stated and how their words accounted for the cases of immigrants, to properly understand them. The researcher referred to the main books of Islamic jurisprudence and Sharīʿa politics, along with contemporary books. The present study revealed that the jurisprudential division of the world is not open to discussion. This is not only because such a division is not an Ijtihād that is made considering the conditions of the Islamic jurists own times, but also because there are some indications of this division in the Book and Sunnah. However, some of the judgements adopted by the fuqahāʾ based on this division need revisiting. An example of this is the provisions that Islamic Jurists established for Dār al-Harb based on the existence of hostility between non-Muslims and Muslims. Another key conclusion is that some of the judgements resulting from the jurisprudential division of the world are still valid. These are the provisions that protect the Muslim personality and Islamic morality. Likewise, this study suggests that some of the issues based on the division of the world, which are not subject to change, are not affected by the status of international relations. Most of these are devotional taabbudi provisions.

 This research addresses the classification of the world from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence and its impact on the modern world. As it is known, Islamic jurists divide the world into Dār al-Islām the land ruled by the believers of Allah and Dār al-Harb the land of war also referred to as Dār al-Kufr. However, adding Dār al-ʿAhd the Land of the Covenant to this classification, some jurists mention three types of lands. The present study discusses the criteria jurists have laid down to distinguish between the two lands. These criteria are sovereignty and the rule of law that is in practice. Similarly, the study also discusses the extent to which it is permissible to consider the religion of the most of the population when judging the land to be Dār al-Islām or Dār al-Harb. It outlines the evidence on which scholars relied to classify the world, along with answering the following questions about the basis of this classification today: Can it be said that it is a customary classification in which scholars have considered the status of the world of their own times only; hence it can be revisited, or is it an unchangeable classification made based on the Book and Sunnah? The study also discusses some researchers claim that the Fiqh-based classification of the world is no longer valid. The present study then proceeds to discuss the impact of the classification of the world from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence in todays world. This is because such a dual classification has implications for many Sharīʿa provisions. There is a consensus about some of these provisions, such as the compulsory Wajib migration from Dār al-Harb to Dār al-Islām and the disapproval marriage in Dar al-Harb al-Islam because of the concern for children its being Makrūh. However, scholars disagreed over some provisions, including the possibility of invalid conduct in Dār al-Harb, such as Ribā, gambling, giving hadd punishments to those who do what they should not do, and the breaking of matrimonial bonds when the spouses are in different lands. The present study is critically important because it addresses the issues arising from the classification of the world based on the Islamic jurisprudence. Such issues can hardly be ignored as many Muslims in Islamic countries have recently been migrating to non-Islamic ones. It is now essential to revisit some of the provisions that the fuqahāʾ have suggested for Dār al-Harb because the current situation of the world has changed, and Muslims and non-Muslims are no longer at war, due to international institutions that aim to establish peace in the word. Following an analytical approach, the researcher examined what Muslim jurists stated and how their words accounted for the cases of immigrants, to properly understand them. The researcher referred to the main books of Islamic jurisprudence and Sharīʿa politics, along with contemporary books. The present study revealed that the jurisprudential division of the world is not open to discussion. This is not only because such a division is not an Ijtihād that is made considering the conditions of the Islamic jurists own times, but also because there are some indications of this division in the Book and Sunnah. However, some of the judgements adopted by the fuqahāʾ based on this division need revisiting. An example of this is the provisions that Islamic Jurists established for Dār al-Harb based on the existence of hostility between non-Muslims and Muslims. Another key conclusion is that some of the judgements resulting from the jurisprudential division of the world are still valid. These are the provisions that protect the Muslim personality and Islamic morality. Likewise, this study suggests that some of the issues based on the division of the world, which are not subject to change, are not affected by the status of international relations. Most of these are devotional taabbudi provisions.

 Bu araştırma, İslam fıkhında dünyanın kısımlara ayrılması ve bunun günümüz dünyasındaki etkisini incelemektedir. Bilindiği üzere İslam hukuk bilginleri, dünyayı dârülislam ve dârülküfürdârülharp şeklinde iki kısma ayırmışlardır. Bazı bilginler ise bu ikisine dârülahdi de eklemişlerdir. Bu çalışma, İslam hukuk bilginlerinin dârülislam ile dârülharp arasını ayırt etmek için esas aldıkları temel ölçüt olan egemenlik ve hâkim olan hukuk düzenini de ele almaktadır. Aynı şekilde bir memleketin dârülislam veya dârülharp olduğuna hükmederken; oradaki nüfusta hâkim olan dini itibara almanın sınırlarını açıklamaktadır. Çalışma, İslam hukukçularının dünyayı taksim ederken dayandıkları delilleri açıklamaktadır. Yine bu çalışma, günümüzde bu taksimin dayanağı hakkındaki şu soruya cevap vermektedir: Bu taksim fukahânın kendi zamanlarındaki vakıaya bakarak yaptıkları örfî bir taksim midir? Bu takdirde bu yaklaşımın üzerinde yeniden düşünülmesi mümkün olabilir. Yoksa bu taksim naslarla mı sabittir? Bu takdirde de bu hükmün değiştirilmesi mümkün olamayacaktır. Ayrıca çalışma, bazı araştırmacıların dünyanın fıkhî olarak taksim edilme yetkisinin sona erdiğine yönelik delillerini de tartışmaktadır. Diğer tarafan araştırma, dünyanın fıkhî olarak taksim edilmesinin zamanımızdaki önemli bazı meselelere etkisini de incelemektedir. Zira bilinmektedir ki dünyanın böyle ikili taksimi, birçok şerî hükmü ilgilendirmektedir. Müslüman olanın dârülharpten dârülislama göç etmesinin vacip olması, çocuklar hakkındaki endişeden dolayı dârülharpte evlenmenin mekruh oluşu gibi söz konusu bu hükümlerin bir kısmında ittifak vardır. Faiz ve kumar gibi dârülharpte yapılan bazı fasit muamelelerin cevazı, dârülküfürde suç işleyene had cezasının uygulanması, ülke ayrılığı sebebiyle evlilik bağının kopması gibi ilgili hükümlerin bir kısmı da ihtilaflıdır. Araştırmanın önemi, İslam fıkhının dünyayı kısımlara ayırması sonucu ortaya çıkan meselelerin çağımızda göz ardı edilemeyecek bir konu halini almasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Nitekim İslam memleketlerinin şahit olduğu sıkıntılar, pek çok Müslümanın İslamî olmayan memleketlere göç etmesine sebep olmuştur. Fukahânın dârülküfür için tespit etmiş olduğu bazı hükümlere yeniden bakmak zaruri bir hâl almıştır. Zira mevcut durum değişmiş ve dünya barışını esas alan uluslararası kurumlar sebebiyle Müslümanlar ile gayr-ı müslimler arasında savaş durumu ortadan kalkmıştır. Çalışmada tahlil metodu takip edilmiştir. Sahih bir şekilde anlaşılması için İslam hukukçularının ifadeleri tahlil edilmiş ve göç edenlerle ilgili yeni olaylarla benzerliklerinin tespiti yapılmıştır. Böylece sağlam sonuçlara ulaşılması hedeflenmiştir. Çağdaş çalışmalar yanında en önemli fıkıh ve siyaset-i şeriyye kitaplarına müracaat edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda dünyanın fıkhî olarak taksim edilmesinin değişime açık olmadığına ulaşılmıştır. Çünkü söz konusu taksim, İslam hukukçularının kendi zamanlarındaki vakıaya dayanan içtihadî bir hüküm olmayıp Kitap ve Sünnet nasslarında bu taksime dair bazı işaretler mevcuttur. Ancak fukahânın bu taksime dayalı olarak benimsediği bazı hükümlerin yeniden gözden geçirilmesi gerekmektedir. Fıkıh bilginlerinin gayr-ı müslimler ile Müslümanlar arasındaki düşmanlık durumunun varlığına dayanarak dârülküfür için belirledikleri hükümler buna örnek olarak verilebilir. Ulaşılan sonuçlardan bir diğeri de dünyanın fıkhî taksiminin doğurduğu bazı hükümlerin hâlen geçerliliğini sürdürmekte oluşudur. Bunlar, Müslüman şahsiyeti ve İslam ahlakını koruyan hükümlerdir. Aynı şekilde bu çalışma, fukahânın mezkûr taksimine dayanan ve değişkenlik arz etmeyen bazı meselelerin, uluslararası ilişkilerin değişmesinden etkilenmediğini de açıklamıştır. Bu hükümlerin çoğu taabbudî hükümlerdir.

Makale detayları

The Classification of the World from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence and its Impact on the Issues of Migration and Immigrants

Yazarlar:

Muhammed Reşit Varol

Yayıncı:

Harran University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Harran İlahiyat Dergisi Issue 51, pp.46-66

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Arapça

Document ID (Org No.):

2001319175

pISSN:

2791-6812

Islamic Jurisprudence

Sharīʿa provisions

Dār al-Islām

Dār al-Harb

MigrationFıkıh

Şer‘î Hükümler

Dâru’l-İslam

Dâru’l-Küfür

Hicret

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Muhammed Reşit Varol

Yayıncı: Harran University

Ana Başlıklar: Din Araştırmaları

Dergi: Harran İlahiyat Dergisi Issue 51, pp.46-66

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2024

Belge Dili: Arapça

Document ID (Org No.): 2001319175

pISSN: 2791-6812

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Muhammed Reşit Varol

Yayıncı:

Harran University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Harran İlahiyat Dergisi Issue 51, pp.46-66

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Arapça

Document ID (Org No.):

2001319175

pISSN:

2791-6812