Agricultural Policies in Türkiye and the Law of Landing Farmers

Şaban Ortak

Makale detayları

Agricultural Policies in Türkiye and the Law of Landing Farmers

Yazarlar:

Şaban Ortak

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi

Dergi:

Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.25 Issue 100. Yılında Cumhuriyet Özel Sayısı, pp.418-446

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

11/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001303971

pISSN:

1302-1265

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The Republic of Türkiye, which replaced the Ottoman Empire in a difficult establishment period, was faced with significant problems. One of these problems was that a considerable portion of the farming population did not own enough land to support their families. One of the problems inherited by the new state from the Ottoman Empire, which applied a modern, practically advantageous and quite complex land administration for its time, was the issue of land ownership. The timar system, later replaced by the iltizam system after timars deterioration, further complicated the matter of land ownership. The Land Regulation Edict, which was enacted to find a solution to this problem, could not fully resolve it. When the Republic of Türkiye was founded, this edict was in force and business and transactions were carried out accordingly. In a country where almost three quarters of the population was engaged in agriculture; unfortunately, the number of people who owned enough land to support their families was quite low. Those governing the new state had to both modernize agriculture and distribute enough land to those engaged in farming. From time to time, efforts were made to distribute a certain amount of land from treasury-owned lands to the peasants, but these attempts proved insufficient. In the constitutional amendment made in 1937, the issue of distribution of land to landless peasants was also included. However, during the period of Atatürks death and the World War II that started immediately afterwards, a specific law regarding this matter could not be enacted during that period. In 1945, with the initiative of Prime Minister İsmet Pasha, the law could be enacted. However, both the opposition to this law from within the CHP Republican Peoples Party during the single party period and the opposition of the parties established during the transition to multi-party life prevented sufficient progress on this issue. In particular, the group who opposed this law and later left the CHP Republican Peoples Party and founded the DP Democrat Party continued their criticism as the opposition party between 1946 and 1950. Leaving aside the lack of progress during the CHP Republican Peoples Party government, the implementation of land distribution to farmers was interrupted especially after the DP Democrat Party came to power with the elections of May 14, 1950. Although the issue was occasionally revisited in the following years, successful outcomes in terms of providing enough land for farmers to support their families were not achieved.

 The Republic of Türkiye, which replaced the Ottoman Empire in a difficult establishment period, was faced with significant problems. One of these problems was that a considerable portion of the farming population did not own enough land to support their families. One of the problems inherited by the new state from the Ottoman Empire, which applied a modern, practically advantageous and quite complex land administration for its time, was the issue of land ownership. The timar system, later replaced by the iltizam system after timars deterioration, further complicated the matter of land ownership. The Land Regulation Edict, which was enacted to find a solution to this problem, could not fully resolve it. When the Republic of Türkiye was founded, this edict was in force and business and transactions were carried out accordingly. In a country where almost three quarters of the population was engaged in agriculture; unfortunately, the number of people who owned enough land to support their families was quite low. Those governing the new state had to both modernize agriculture and distribute enough land to those engaged in farming. From time to time, efforts were made to distribute a certain amount of land from treasury-owned lands to the peasants, but these attempts proved insufficient. In the constitutional amendment made in 1937, the issue of distribution of land to landless peasants was also included. However, during the period of Atatürks death and the World War II that started immediately afterwards, a specific law regarding this matter could not be enacted during that period. In 1945, with the initiative of Prime Minister İsmet Pasha, the law could be enacted. However, both the opposition to this law from within the CHP Republican Peoples Party during the single party period and the opposition of the parties established during the transition to multi-party life prevented sufficient progress on this issue. In particular, the group who opposed this law and later left the CHP Republican Peoples Party and founded the DP Democrat Party continued their criticism as the opposition party between 1946 and 1950. Leaving aside the lack of progress during the CHP Republican Peoples Party government, the implementation of land distribution to farmers was interrupted especially after the DP Democrat Party came to power with the elections of May 14, 1950. Although the issue was occasionally revisited in the following years, successful outcomes in terms of providing enough land for farmers to support their families were not achieved.

 The Republic of Türkiye, which replaced the Ottoman Empire in a difficult establishment period, was faced with significant problems. One of these problems was that a considerable portion of the farming population did not own enough land to support their families. One of the problems inherited by the new state from the Ottoman Empire, which applied a modern, practically advantageous and quite complex land administration for its time, was the issue of land ownership. The timar system, later replaced by the iltizam system after timars deterioration, further complicated the matter of land ownership. The Land Regulation Edict, which was enacted to find a solution to this problem, could not fully resolve it. When the Republic of Türkiye was founded, this edict was in force and business and transactions were carried out accordingly. In a country where almost three quarters of the population was engaged in agriculture; unfortunately, the number of people who owned enough land to support their families was quite low. Those governing the new state had to both modernize agriculture and distribute enough land to those engaged in farming. From time to time, efforts were made to distribute a certain amount of land from treasury-owned lands to the peasants, but these attempts proved insufficient. In the constitutional amendment made in 1937, the issue of distribution of land to landless peasants was also included. However, during the period of Atatürks death and the World War II that started immediately afterwards, a specific law regarding this matter could not be enacted during that period. In 1945, with the initiative of Prime Minister İsmet Pasha, the law could be enacted. However, both the opposition to this law from within the CHP Republican Peoples Party during the single party period and the opposition of the parties established during the transition to multi-party life prevented sufficient progress on this issue. In particular, the group who opposed this law and later left the CHP Republican Peoples Party and founded the DP Democrat Party continued their criticism as the opposition party between 1946 and 1950. Leaving aside the lack of progress during the CHP Republican Peoples Party government, the implementation of land distribution to farmers was interrupted especially after the DP Democrat Party came to power with the elections of May 14, 1950. Although the issue was occasionally revisited in the following years, successful outcomes in terms of providing enough land for farmers to support their families were not achieved.

 Osmanlı Devletinin yerine zor bir kuruluş geçiren Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devletinin önünde önemli sorunlar bulunmaktaydı. Bunlardan bir tanesi de; çiftçilikle uğraşan kesimin önemli bir kısmının ailesini geçindirecek kadar toprağa sahip olmamasıydı. Dönemine göre modern, pratikte avantajlı ve oldukça karmaşık bir toprak yönetimi uygulayan Osmanlı Devletinden yeni devlete miras kalan sorunlardan birisi de toprak mülkiyeti meselesi idi. Tımar sistemi, onun bozulmasıyla geçilen iltizam sistemi toprak mülkiyeti konusunu daha karmaşıklaştırmıştı. Buna çözüm bulmak için çıkarılan Arazi Kanunnamesi tam olarak halledememiştir. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti kurulduğunda bu kanunname yürürlükteydi ve iş ve işlemler buna göre yürütülmekteydi. Nüfusun neredeyse dörtte üçünün tarımla uğraştığı bir ülkede, ailesini geçindirecek kadar toprağa sahip olan kişi sayısı maalesef oldukça düşüktü. Yeni devleti idare edenler hem tarımı modernleştirmek ve hem de çiftçilikle uğraşanlara yeterince toprak dağıtmak durumundaydılar. Zaman zaman hazine arazisi olan yerlerden köylülere belli miktarda toprak dağıtılması için çalışılmışsa da yeterli olamamıştı. 1937 yılında yapılan Anayasa değişikliğinde topraksız köylüye toprak dağıtılması hususu da Anayasaya girmişti. Fakat, Atatürkün ölümü ve hemen arkasından başlayan II. Dünya Savaşı döneminde buna dair kanun çıkarılamamıştır. 1945 yılında Milli Şef İsmet Paşanın girişimi ile kanun çıkarılabilmiştir. Ancak gerek tek parti döneminde CHP içinden bu kanuna muhalefet ve gerekse çok partili hayata geçişte kurulan partilerin bu uygulamaya karşı çıkışı bu konuda yeterince mesafe alınmasını engellemiştir. Özellikle de bu kanuna karşı çıkıp daha sonra CHPden ayrılarak Demokrat Partiyi kuran kadro, 1946-1950 arasında muhalefet partisi olarak eleştirilerini devam ettirmiştir. CHP iktidarında yeterince ilerleme sağlanamaması bir tarafa bırakılırsa, 14 Mayıs 1950 seçimlerinde DPnin iktidara gelmesi ile çiftçiyi topraklandırma uygulaması büyük ölçüde sekteye uğramıştır. Sonraki dönemde zaman zaman gündeme gelse de, çiftçilikle uğraşanların ailesini geçindirecek kadar arazi sahibi olmaları hususunda tam olarak başarılı olunamamıştır.

Makale detayları

Agricultural Policies in Türkiye and the Law of Landing Farmers

Yazarlar:

Şaban Ortak

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi

Dergi:

Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.25 Issue 100. Yılında Cumhuriyet Özel Sayısı, pp.418-446

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

11/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001303971

pISSN:

1302-1265

Ottoman Empire

Republic of Türkiye

land reform

Law of Landing FarmersOsmanlı Devleti

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti

toprak reformu

Çiftçinin Topraklandırılması Kanunu

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Şaban Ortak

Yayıncı: Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi

Dergi: Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.25 Issue 100. Yılında Cumhuriyet Özel Sayısı, pp.418-446

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 11/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001303971

pISSN: 1302-1265

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Şaban Ortak

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi

Dergi:

Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.25 Issue 100. Yılında Cumhuriyet Özel Sayısı, pp.418-446

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

11/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001303971

pISSN:

1302-1265