Reflections of Ottoman Modernization Efforts in Giresun: Rüşdiye Schools

Ali Yılmaz

Makale detayları

Reflections of Ottoman Modernization Efforts in Giresun: Rüşdiye Schools

Yazarlar:

Ali Yılmaz

Yayıncı:

Bayburt University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Araştırmaları (Diğer)

Dergi:

Baberti Issue 21, pp.27-48

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001353392

pISSN:

3023-4107

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Until the 18th century, the Islamic civilization that established order in the world began to gradually lose its influence thereafter. The Crusades enabled the West to carry the scientific advancements of the Islamic world back to their own territories, acting as a catalyst for reform and Renaissance movements. This progression continued with the Industrial Revolution, which also impacted the Ottoman Empire. In response to psychological inferiority stemming from territorial losses, the Ottomans believed that military innovations could be acquired from the West, prompting them to send students to Europe for education. Alongside this military modernization initiative, it was decided to establish new modern schools to train qualified civil servants for the Babıali bureaucracy, instead of relying solely on traditional medreses. The first modern rüşdiye school was established in Istanbul in 1847. Rüşdiye schools admitted students of certain ages who had completed primary education sıbyan mektebleri. These schools were subsequently opened in the Karahisâr-ı Şarkî province in 1864, in Giresun in 1871, and later in Bulancak, Tirebolu, Görele, and Alucra. Efforts to establish the Giresun İnâs Girls rüşdiye school were unsuccessful. Graduates from these schools continued their education at the higher-level institutions, specifically the İdâdî of Karahisâr-ı Şarkî and Giresun. The curricula and vacation schedules of these schools were aligned with centralized policies. Evaluations and rewards for students and teachers were conducted by the relevant authorities. Most of the instructors were former medrese teachers who had graduated from the Dârülmuallimîn school. During the Ottoman-Russian War, some school buildings were repurposed for military use. Delegations from Giresun attending the Erzurum Congress were composed of graduates from these modern schools.

 Until the 18th century, the Islamic civilization that established order in the world began to gradually lose its influence thereafter. The Crusades enabled the West to carry the scientific advancements of the Islamic world back to their own territories, acting as a catalyst for reform and Renaissance movements. This progression continued with the Industrial Revolution, which also impacted the Ottoman Empire. In response to psychological inferiority stemming from territorial losses, the Ottomans believed that military innovations could be acquired from the West, prompting them to send students to Europe for education. Alongside this military modernization initiative, it was decided to establish new modern schools to train qualified civil servants for the Babıali bureaucracy, instead of relying solely on traditional medreses. The first modern rüşdiye school was established in Istanbul in 1847. Rüşdiye schools admitted students of certain ages who had completed primary education sıbyan mektebleri. These schools were subsequently opened in the Karahisâr-ı Şarkî province in 1864, in Giresun in 1871, and later in Bulancak, Tirebolu, Görele, and Alucra. Efforts to establish the Giresun İnâs Girls rüşdiye school were unsuccessful. Graduates from these schools continued their education at the higher-level institutions, specifically the İdâdî of Karahisâr-ı Şarkî and Giresun. The curricula and vacation schedules of these schools were aligned with centralized policies. Evaluations and rewards for students and teachers were conducted by the relevant authorities. Most of the instructors were former medrese teachers who had graduated from the Dârülmuallimîn school. During the Ottoman-Russian War, some school buildings were repurposed for military use. Delegations from Giresun attending the Erzurum Congress were composed of graduates from these modern schools.

 Until the 18th century, the Islamic civilization that established order in the world began to gradually lose its influence thereafter. The Crusades enabled the West to carry the scientific advancements of the Islamic world back to their own territories, acting as a catalyst for reform and Renaissance movements. This progression continued with the Industrial Revolution, which also impacted the Ottoman Empire. In response to psychological inferiority stemming from territorial losses, the Ottomans believed that military innovations could be acquired from the West, prompting them to send students to Europe for education. Alongside this military modernization initiative, it was decided to establish new modern schools to train qualified civil servants for the Babıali bureaucracy, instead of relying solely on traditional medreses. The first modern rüşdiye school was established in Istanbul in 1847. Rüşdiye schools admitted students of certain ages who had completed primary education sıbyan mektebleri. These schools were subsequently opened in the Karahisâr-ı Şarkî province in 1864, in Giresun in 1871, and later in Bulancak, Tirebolu, Görele, and Alucra. Efforts to establish the Giresun İnâs Girls rüşdiye school were unsuccessful. Graduates from these schools continued their education at the higher-level institutions, specifically the İdâdî of Karahisâr-ı Şarkî and Giresun. The curricula and vacation schedules of these schools were aligned with centralized policies. Evaluations and rewards for students and teachers were conducted by the relevant authorities. Most of the instructors were former medrese teachers who had graduated from the Dârülmuallimîn school. During the Ottoman-Russian War, some school buildings were repurposed for military use. Delegations from Giresun attending the Erzurum Congress were composed of graduates from these modern schools.

 XVIII. yüzyıla kadar dünyaya nizam veren İslam medeniyeti, bu yüzyıldan sonra etkisini yavaş yavaş kaybetmeye başlamıştır. Haçlı seferleriyle batı, İslam dünyasındaki bu ilmi inkişafı kendi yurtlarına taşıyarak reform ve rönasans hareketlerinin itici unsuru olmuştur. Sanayi Devrimiyle devam eden bu gelişim, Osmanlıya da bazı tesirleri olmuştur. Osmanlı, toprak kayıplarının beraberinde getirdiği psikolojik ezikliğin batıdan askeri alanda alınacak yeniliklerle mümkün olacağı düşünerek Avrupaya eğitim için öğrenciler göndermiştir. Askeri alandaki bu yenileşme hareketiyle birlikte Babıali bürokrasisine nitelikli memur yetiştirmek için medreseler yerine yeni modern mektebler açılmasına karar verilmiştir. İlk modern rüşdiye mektebi, 1847 yılında İstanbulda açılmıştır. Sıbyan mekteblerini bitiren belli yaşlarda öğrencilerin kabul edildiği rüşdiyeler, 1864de Karahisâr-ı Şarkî livasında, 1871 yılında Giresunda, takip eden yıllarda Bulancak, Tirebolu, Görele ve Alucrada açılmıştır. Giresun İnâs Kız rüşdiye mektebini açma çabaları başarılı olamamıştır. Bu mekteplerden mezun olan öğrenciler, bir üst öğretim olan Karahisâr-ı Şarkî ve Giresun İdâdîlerine devam etmiştir. Mektebin öğretim programları ve tatil günleri, merkezle paralellik arz etmektedir. Öğrenci ve muallim tecziyeleriyle mükâfatlandırılmaları gerekli mercilerle yapılmıştır. Muallimi evvellerinin çoğu, medrese müderrisi iken Dârülmuallimîn mektebini bitirmişlerdir. Osmanlı-Rus Savaşında bazı mekteb binaları boşaltılarak askeri bina olarak kullanılmıştır. Erzurum kongresinde Giresun delegasyonları bu modern mekteplerden mezun olmuşlardır.

Makale detayları

Reflections of Ottoman Modernization Efforts in Giresun: Rüşdiye Schools

Yazarlar:

Ali Yılmaz

Yayıncı:

Bayburt University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Araştırmaları (Diğer)

Dergi:

Baberti Issue 21, pp.27-48

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001353392

pISSN:

3023-4107

History of Education

Teacher

Modernization

Rüşdiye

GiresunEğitim Tarihi

Muallim

Modernleşme

Rüşdiye

Giresun

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Ali Yılmaz

Yayıncı: Bayburt University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Araştırmaları (Diğer)

Dergi: Baberti Issue 21, pp.27-48

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001353392

pISSN: 3023-4107

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Ali Yılmaz

Yayıncı:

Bayburt University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Araştırmaları (Diğer)

Dergi:

Baberti Issue 21, pp.27-48

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001353392

pISSN:

3023-4107