Changes in Retirement Systems and Retirement of Generations

Yavuz Kağan Yasım

Makale detayları

Changes in Retirement Systems and Retirement of Generations

Yazarlar:

Yavuz Kağan Yasım

Yayıncı:

Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Sosyal Güvenlik

Dergi:

Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.18 Issue 1, pp.257-273

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

4/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001342028

pISSN:

2757-7449

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 People are significantly influenced by the economic, cultural, and political events of the era in which they live, leading to differences in individual characteristics and perspectives. In Western literature, individuals are classified according to their birth period and identified with various generational labels. Although the sociocultural differences between generations have been widely examined in the literature, this study presents an intergenerational comparative analysis specifically focused on the retirement dimension of social security systems. Retirement systems, built within the framework of the modern welfare state, are under substantial pressure due to demographic transformationssuch as population agingand structural changes in the labor market. In this context, the study analyzes how economic policies, demographic trends, and the social characteristics of generations affect retirement systems. It comparatively examines the retirement conditions of different generations, ranging from the Lost Generation to Generation Beta. The study elaborates on the historical development of public pension systems in Europe and the United States, detailing the reforms driven by increased life expectancy, declining fertility rates, and concerns about financial sustainability. The findings reveal that early cohorts such as the Silent Generation and the Baby Boomers had more favorable retirement conditions, while Generations X, Y, and Z face later retirement ages, lower pensions, and growing economic uncertainty. Moreover, the study emphasizes that technological advancements and automation have further complicated the employment-based financing of retirement systems. It argues that in order to ensure sustainability, funding must extend beyond labor income to include alternative sources such as capital gains and robot taxation. Otherwise, an increase in elderly poverty appears inevitable. In conclusion, the study underscores that retirement systems must be restructured not only from the perspective of financial sustainability but also in line with principles of intergenerational equity and social welfare.

 People are significantly influenced by the economic, cultural, and political events of the era in which they live, leading to differences in individual characteristics and perspectives. In Western literature, individuals are classified according to their birth period and identified with various generational labels. Although the sociocultural differences between generations have been widely examined in the literature, this study presents an intergenerational comparative analysis specifically focused on the retirement dimension of social security systems. Retirement systems, built within the framework of the modern welfare state, are under substantial pressure due to demographic transformationssuch as population agingand structural changes in the labor market. In this context, the study analyzes how economic policies, demographic trends, and the social characteristics of generations affect retirement systems. It comparatively examines the retirement conditions of different generations, ranging from the Lost Generation to Generation Beta. The study elaborates on the historical development of public pension systems in Europe and the United States, detailing the reforms driven by increased life expectancy, declining fertility rates, and concerns about financial sustainability. The findings reveal that early cohorts such as the Silent Generation and the Baby Boomers had more favorable retirement conditions, while Generations X, Y, and Z face later retirement ages, lower pensions, and growing economic uncertainty. Moreover, the study emphasizes that technological advancements and automation have further complicated the employment-based financing of retirement systems. It argues that in order to ensure sustainability, funding must extend beyond labor income to include alternative sources such as capital gains and robot taxation. Otherwise, an increase in elderly poverty appears inevitable. In conclusion, the study underscores that retirement systems must be restructured not only from the perspective of financial sustainability but also in line with principles of intergenerational equity and social welfare.

 People are significantly influenced by the economic, cultural, and political events of the era in which they live, leading to differences in individual characteristics and perspectives. In Western literature, individuals are classified according to their birth period and identified with various generational labels. Although the sociocultural differences between generations have been widely examined in the literature, this study presents an intergenerational comparative analysis specifically focused on the retirement dimension of social security systems. Retirement systems, built within the framework of the modern welfare state, are under substantial pressure due to demographic transformationssuch as population agingand structural changes in the labor market. In this context, the study analyzes how economic policies, demographic trends, and the social characteristics of generations affect retirement systems. It comparatively examines the retirement conditions of different generations, ranging from the Lost Generation to Generation Beta. The study elaborates on the historical development of public pension systems in Europe and the United States, detailing the reforms driven by increased life expectancy, declining fertility rates, and concerns about financial sustainability. The findings reveal that early cohorts such as the Silent Generation and the Baby Boomers had more favorable retirement conditions, while Generations X, Y, and Z face later retirement ages, lower pensions, and growing economic uncertainty. Moreover, the study emphasizes that technological advancements and automation have further complicated the employment-based financing of retirement systems. It argues that in order to ensure sustainability, funding must extend beyond labor income to include alternative sources such as capital gains and robot taxation. Otherwise, an increase in elderly poverty appears inevitable. In conclusion, the study underscores that retirement systems must be restructured not only from the perspective of financial sustainability but also in line with principles of intergenerational equity and social welfare.

 İnsanlar, yaşadıkları dönemin ekonomik, kültürel ve siyasal olaylarından büyük ölçüde etkilenmekte; bu durum, bireylerin farklı niteliklere ve anlayışlara sahip olmasına yol açmaktadır. Batı literatüründe bireyler, doğdukları döneme göre sınıflandırılmakta ve çeşitli kuşak isimleriyle tanımlanmaktadır. Kuşaklar arasındaki sosyokültürel farklılıklar pek çok çalışmada ele alınmış olmakla birlikte, bu çalışmada sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin özellikle emeklilik boyutuna ilişkin kuşaklar arası karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yapılmıştır. Modern refah devleti anlayışı çerçevesinde inşa edilen emeklilik sistemleri, nüfusun yaşlanması gibi demografik dönüşümler ve işgücü piyasasında yaşanan yapısal değişiklikler nedeniyle ciddi bir baskı altındadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, ekonomik politikalar, demografik eğilimler ve kuşakların toplumsal özelliklerinin emeklilik sistemleri üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmekte; Kayıp Kuşaktan Beta Kuşağına kadar uzanan geniş bir zaman aralığında, kuşaklara göre emeklilik koşullarını karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemektedir. Bu çalışmada, Avrupa ve ABDdeki kamusal emeklilik sistemlerinin tarihsel gelişimi ele alınarak, yaşam süresinin uzaması, doğurganlık oranlarındaki düşüş ve mali sürdürülebilirlik gibi nedenlerle yapılan reformlar detaylandırılmıştır. Bulgular, Sessiz Kuşak ve Bebek Patlaması Kuşağı gibi erken dönem nesillerin daha elverişli emeklilik koşullarına sahip olduğunu; buna karşın, X, Y ve Z kuşaklarının daha ileri yaşta emeklilik, daha düşük maaşlar ve artan ekonomik belirsizliklerle karşı karşıya kaldığını ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca teknolojik gelişmelerin ve otomasyonun istihdama dayalı emeklilik finansmanını daha da zorlaştırdığı vurgulanmakta; sistemin sürdürülebilirliği için yalnızca emek gelirlerine değil, aynı zamanda sermaye kazançları ve robot vergisi gibi alternatif finansman kaynaklarına yönelinmesi gerektiği ifade edilmektedir. Aksi takdirde yaşlı yoksulluğunun artması kaçınılmaz görünmektedir. Sonuç olarak çalışma, emeklilik sistemlerinin yalnızca mali sürdürülebilirlik perspektifiyle değil, aynı zamanda kuşaklar arası adalet ve sosyal refah ilkeleri doğrultusunda yeniden yapılandırılması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Makale detayları

Changes in Retirement Systems and Retirement of Generations

Yazarlar:

Yavuz Kağan Yasım

Yayıncı:

Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Sosyal Güvenlik

Dergi:

Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.18 Issue 1, pp.257-273

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

4/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001342028

pISSN:

2757-7449

Social Security

generations

retirement age

retirement

agingSosyal Güvenlik

kuşaklar

emeklilik yaşı

emeklilik

yaşlanma

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Yavuz Kağan Yasım

Yayıncı: Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar: Sosyal Güvenlik

Dergi: Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.18 Issue 1, pp.257-273

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 4/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001342028

pISSN: 2757-7449

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Yavuz Kağan Yasım

Yayıncı:

Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Sosyal Güvenlik

Dergi:

Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.18 Issue 1, pp.257-273

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

4/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001342028

pISSN:

2757-7449