THE VARANGİAN-RUS’ IN THE EARLY PERIOD OF POLİTİCAL RELATIONS WITH THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE: THE CAMPAIGNS AGAINST CONSTANTINOPLE IN 860 AND 907

Merve Cansu Samat

Makale detayları

THE VARANGİAN-RUS’ IN THE EARLY PERIOD OF POLİTİCAL RELATIONS WITH THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE: THE CAMPAIGNS AGAINST CONSTANTINOPLE IN 860 AND 907

Yazarlar:

Merve Cansu Samat

Yayıncı:

Hatay Mustafa Kemal University

Ana Başlıklar:

Çağdaş Rusya Tarihi

Dergi:

BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.6 Issue 1, pp.1-19

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001321692

pISSN:

2717-6142

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 In the mid-9th century, a nation of Swedish origin, referred to as the Rus, began migrating into Russian territories. This movement from north to south gradually colonized the region, significantly impacting the Slavic indigenous populations and the Turkic groups that had migrated there later. This migration was largely driven by the Khazar State, which experienced a golden age of commercial prosperity during the 9th century. The Khazar States political and commercial organization initially served as a model for the Slavs, leading the East Slavs who had migrated to the Baltic region to establish trade cities. The Swedes, known for their seafaring skills and interest in trade, first conducted raids into northern Russia. Eventually, they settled as permanent residents and rulers of the region. The primary objective of the Rus was not to establish an empire in the north but to exploit the trade routes and river paths controlled by the Khazar State and the Byzantine Empire in the south. To achieve this, they embarked on a series of initiatives to shift the center of their nascent state from the north, particularly around Novgorod, to the south, specifically to the city of Kiev. Kiev, during the 9th and 10th centuries, was not significant for its resources but as a strategic transit point for trade with the south. The Rus, aiming to reach Constantinople, launched expeditions to benefit from the riches of the Byzantine capital. These expeditions resulted in several commercial privileges. The relationship between the Rus and Byzantium began in 860 when two Rus nobles, Askold and Dir, led a raid on Constantinople from Kiev. From this point onward, political and commercial relations between the two states were shaped by the Rus desire for booty and fame, as well as the privileges they sought from the Byzantine government. However, it was during the reign of Prince Oleg that the Rus were formally recognized as a state by Byzantium and secured the desired commercial privileges.

 In the mid-9th century, a nation of Swedish origin, referred to as the Rus, began migrating into Russian territories. This movement from north to south gradually colonized the region, significantly impacting the Slavic indigenous populations and the Turkic groups that had migrated there later. This migration was largely driven by the Khazar State, which experienced a golden age of commercial prosperity during the 9th century. The Khazar States political and commercial organization initially served as a model for the Slavs, leading the East Slavs who had migrated to the Baltic region to establish trade cities. The Swedes, known for their seafaring skills and interest in trade, first conducted raids into northern Russia. Eventually, they settled as permanent residents and rulers of the region. The primary objective of the Rus was not to establish an empire in the north but to exploit the trade routes and river paths controlled by the Khazar State and the Byzantine Empire in the south. To achieve this, they embarked on a series of initiatives to shift the center of their nascent state from the north, particularly around Novgorod, to the south, specifically to the city of Kiev. Kiev, during the 9th and 10th centuries, was not significant for its resources but as a strategic transit point for trade with the south. The Rus, aiming to reach Constantinople, launched expeditions to benefit from the riches of the Byzantine capital. These expeditions resulted in several commercial privileges. The relationship between the Rus and Byzantium began in 860 when two Rus nobles, Askold and Dir, led a raid on Constantinople from Kiev. From this point onward, political and commercial relations between the two states were shaped by the Rus desire for booty and fame, as well as the privileges they sought from the Byzantine government. However, it was during the reign of Prince Oleg that the Rus were formally recognized as a state by Byzantium and secured the desired commercial privileges.

 In the mid-9th century, a nation of Swedish origin, referred to as the Rus, began migrating into Russian territories. This movement from north to south gradually colonized the region, significantly impacting the Slavic indigenous populations and the Turkic groups that had migrated there later. This migration was largely driven by the Khazar State, which experienced a golden age of commercial prosperity during the 9th century. The Khazar States political and commercial organization initially served as a model for the Slavs, leading the East Slavs who had migrated to the Baltic region to establish trade cities. The Swedes, known for their seafaring skills and interest in trade, first conducted raids into northern Russia. Eventually, they settled as permanent residents and rulers of the region. The primary objective of the Rus was not to establish an empire in the north but to exploit the trade routes and river paths controlled by the Khazar State and the Byzantine Empire in the south. To achieve this, they embarked on a series of initiatives to shift the center of their nascent state from the north, particularly around Novgorod, to the south, specifically to the city of Kiev. Kiev, during the 9th and 10th centuries, was not significant for its resources but as a strategic transit point for trade with the south. The Rus, aiming to reach Constantinople, launched expeditions to benefit from the riches of the Byzantine capital. These expeditions resulted in several commercial privileges. The relationship between the Rus and Byzantium began in 860 when two Rus nobles, Askold and Dir, led a raid on Constantinople from Kiev. From this point onward, political and commercial relations between the two states were shaped by the Rus desire for booty and fame, as well as the privileges they sought from the Byzantine government. However, it was during the reign of Prince Oleg that the Rus were formally recognized as a state by Byzantium and secured the desired commercial privileges.

 Orta Çağda Rus olarak adlandırılan İsveç kökenli ulusun, IX. yüzyılın ortalarına doğru Rusya topraklarına yönelerek kuzeyden güneye bu coğrafyayı kademeli biçimde kolonize etmeleri, Rusya topraklarında yaşamakta olan Slav kökenli yerel halkı ve bölgeye sonradan göç etmiş olan Türk kökenli ulusları siyasi ve kültürel bağlamda etkisi altına alan bir göç hareketiydi. Bununla birlikte bu göç hareketini tetikleyen başlıca unsur, özellikle IX. yüzyılda ticari ilişkiler bakımından altın çağını yaşayan Hazar Devletiydi. Hazar Devletinin siyasi ve ticari organizasyonu başlangıçta Slavlara örnek teşkil ederek, Baltık bölgesine göç eden Doğu Slavları tarafından burada ticaret şehirleri meydana getirildi. Baltıkın kuzeyinde yaşayan İsveçliler, ticarete olan ilgileri ve denizcilikteki yetenekleri dolayısı ile öncelikle Rusyanın kuzeyine yağma akınları düzenlediler, ardından bu coğrafyanın kalıcı sakinleri ve yöneticileri haline geldiler. Rusların asıl amaçları kuzeyde bir imparatorluk kurmak değil, güneyde Hazar Devleti ve Bizans İmparatorluğunun hâkimiyetinde bulunan ticari rotalardan ve nehir yollarından faydalanmaktı. Bu nedenle Ruslar, zamanla Rusyanın kuzeyinde, merkezini özellikle Novgorod ve çevresinin teşkil ettiği genç devletlerinin merkezini güneye, Kiev şehrine taşıyabilmek adına bir dizi girişimlerde bulundular. Kiev şehri, IX. ve X. yüzyıllarda kaynaklarının çokluğu ile değil, güneydeki ticarete ulaşımın bir istasyonu olarak Ruslar için büyük önem arz etmekteydi. Bu şehirde hâkimiyet sağlayan Rusların öncelikli amacı ise Konstantinopolise ulaşmaktı. Böylelikle Bizansın başşehri Konstantinopolisin zenginliklerinden olabildiğince faydalanmak adına seferler düzenlediler ve bu seferler sonucunda bir takım ticari imtiyazlar elde ettiler. Rusların Bizans ile olan ilişkileri, 860 yılında Kievde bulunmakta olan Askold ve Dir isminde iki Rus kökenli boyarın Konstantinoplise yönelik bir yağma seferi düzenlemeleri ile başladı. Bu tarihten itibaren iki devlet arasında siyasi ve ticari ilişkiler, Rusların ganimet ve şöhret hırsı yahut Bizans hükümetinden elde etmek istediği imtiyazlar dairesinde şekillendi. Ancak Rusların bir devlet olarak Bizans tarafından tanınmaları ve diledikleri ticari imtiyazları elde edebilmeleri Knez Oleg döneminde mümkün oldu.

Makale detayları

THE VARANGİAN-RUS’ IN THE EARLY PERIOD OF POLİTİCAL RELATIONS WITH THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE: THE CAMPAIGNS AGAINST CONSTANTINOPLE IN 860 AND 907

Yazarlar:

Merve Cansu Samat

Yayıncı:

Hatay Mustafa Kemal University

Ana Başlıklar:

Çağdaş Rusya Tarihi

Dergi:

BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.6 Issue 1, pp.1-19

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001321692

pISSN:

2717-6142

Rus'

Byzantium

Trade

Askold and Dir

Knjaz OlegRus

Bizans

Ticaret

Askold ve Dir

Knez Oleg

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Merve Cansu Samat

Yayıncı: Hatay Mustafa Kemal University

Ana Başlıklar: Çağdaş Rusya Tarihi

Dergi: BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.6 Issue 1, pp.1-19

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001321692

pISSN: 2717-6142

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Merve Cansu Samat

Yayıncı:

Hatay Mustafa Kemal University

Ana Başlıklar:

Çağdaş Rusya Tarihi

Dergi:

BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.6 Issue 1, pp.1-19

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001321692

pISSN:

2717-6142