Friedrich Barbarossa’s Sudden Death: An Evaluation of Its Effects on the Crusaders and the Turks

Serhat Altınkaynak

Makale detayları

Friedrich Barbarossa’s Sudden Death: An Evaluation of Its Effects on the Crusaders and the Turks

Yazarlar:

Serhat Altınkaynak

Yayıncı:

Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University

Ana Başlıklar:

Selçuklu Tarihi | Ortaçağ Tarihi (Diğer)

Dergi:

Gazi Türkiyat Issue 36, pp.127-147

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001352611

pISSN:

1307-914X

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Jerusalem was captured by Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi in 1187. The fall of Jerusalem was met with a strong reaction from Europe. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of German, who responded positively to the call for a Crusade, set out from Regensburg. He would conduct his campaign overland. He reached an agreement with the Byzantine Emperor in Edirne and crossed into Anatolia via the Dardanelles. He encountered no issues until reaching Alaşehir. From this point onwards, he began making contact with the Turks and continued his march while engaging in battles with them. He even plundered the capital of the Sultanate of Rum, Konya. After crossing the Taurus Mountains, he died while crossing the Silifke River June 10, 1190. His sudden death caused a significant loss of morale among the German Crusader forces. Deprived of a strong leader, the German Crusaders, under the leadership of Barbarossas son, Duke Frederick VI of Swabia, arrived in Antioch in a state of disarray and with significantly reduced numbers. Later, they reached Acre and participated in the siege. However, with the death of Duke Frederick VI of Swabia, the influence of the German Crusaders nearly came to an end. After Barbarossas death, Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi began gradually reducing the forces he had assembled to stop the German Crusader armies in northern Syria. The Kings of England and France, who arrived in the region by sea, were able to capture Acre. However, once the King of France departed from Acre, only the Crusaders under the leadership of King Richard of England remained in the region. They were also forced to leave without achieving any success regarding Jerusalem. Accordingly, Barbarossas sudden death indirectly contributed to the rise of the Seljuks in Anatolia and directly impacted the retention of Jerusalem by the Ayyubids.

 Jerusalem was captured by Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi in 1187. The fall of Jerusalem was met with a strong reaction from Europe. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of German, who responded positively to the call for a Crusade, set out from Regensburg. He would conduct his campaign overland. He reached an agreement with the Byzantine Emperor in Edirne and crossed into Anatolia via the Dardanelles. He encountered no issues until reaching Alaşehir. From this point onwards, he began making contact with the Turks and continued his march while engaging in battles with them. He even plundered the capital of the Sultanate of Rum, Konya. After crossing the Taurus Mountains, he died while crossing the Silifke River June 10, 1190. His sudden death caused a significant loss of morale among the German Crusader forces. Deprived of a strong leader, the German Crusaders, under the leadership of Barbarossas son, Duke Frederick VI of Swabia, arrived in Antioch in a state of disarray and with significantly reduced numbers. Later, they reached Acre and participated in the siege. However, with the death of Duke Frederick VI of Swabia, the influence of the German Crusaders nearly came to an end. After Barbarossas death, Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi began gradually reducing the forces he had assembled to stop the German Crusader armies in northern Syria. The Kings of England and France, who arrived in the region by sea, were able to capture Acre. However, once the King of France departed from Acre, only the Crusaders under the leadership of King Richard of England remained in the region. They were also forced to leave without achieving any success regarding Jerusalem. Accordingly, Barbarossas sudden death indirectly contributed to the rise of the Seljuks in Anatolia and directly impacted the retention of Jerusalem by the Ayyubids.

 Jerusalem was captured by Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi in 1187. The fall of Jerusalem was met with a strong reaction from Europe. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of German, who responded positively to the call for a Crusade, set out from Regensburg. He would conduct his campaign overland. He reached an agreement with the Byzantine Emperor in Edirne and crossed into Anatolia via the Dardanelles. He encountered no issues until reaching Alaşehir. From this point onwards, he began making contact with the Turks and continued his march while engaging in battles with them. He even plundered the capital of the Sultanate of Rum, Konya. After crossing the Taurus Mountains, he died while crossing the Silifke River June 10, 1190. His sudden death caused a significant loss of morale among the German Crusader forces. Deprived of a strong leader, the German Crusaders, under the leadership of Barbarossas son, Duke Frederick VI of Swabia, arrived in Antioch in a state of disarray and with significantly reduced numbers. Later, they reached Acre and participated in the siege. However, with the death of Duke Frederick VI of Swabia, the influence of the German Crusaders nearly came to an end. After Barbarossas death, Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi began gradually reducing the forces he had assembled to stop the German Crusader armies in northern Syria. The Kings of England and France, who arrived in the region by sea, were able to capture Acre. However, once the King of France departed from Acre, only the Crusaders under the leadership of King Richard of England remained in the region. They were also forced to leave without achieving any success regarding Jerusalem. Accordingly, Barbarossas sudden death indirectly contributed to the rise of the Seljuks in Anatolia and directly impacted the retention of Jerusalem by the Ayyubids.

 Kudüs, 1187 yılında Selahaddin Eyyûbî tarafından ele geçirildi. Kudüsün düşüşü Avrupadan büyük bir tepkiyle karşılandı. Haçlı çağrısına olumlu karşılık veren Alman İmparatoru Friedrich Barbarossa, Regenburgdan yola çıktı. O seferini karadan gerçekleştirecekti. Bizans İmparatoru ile Edirnede anlaştı ve Çanakkale Boğazından Anadoluya geçti. Alaşehire kadar herhangi bir sorunla karşılaşmadı. Buradan itibaren Türklerle temas etmeye başladı ve devamında da onlarla mücadeleler hâlinde yürüyüşüne devam etti. Türkiye Selçuklu Devletinin başkenti Konyayı dahi yağmaladı. Toros Dağlarını aştıktan sonra Silifke Nehrini geçerken öldü 10 Haziran 1190. Onun ani ölümü Alman Haçlı birlikleri üzerinde büyük bir motivasyon kaybına sebebiyet verdi. Güçlü bir liderden mahrum kalan Alman Haçlıları, Barbarossanın oğlu Swabia Dükü VI. Friedrichin liderliğinde perişan bir şekilde ve sayıları azalmış olarak Antakyaya varabildiler. Daha sonra onlar Akkaya kadar gelerek kuşatmaya katıldılar. Ancak burada da Swabia Dükü VI. Friedrichin ölümüyle Alman Haçlılarının etkisi de neredeyse sona erdi. Barbarossanın ölümü sonrası Selahaddin Eyyûbî kuzey Suriyede Alman Haçlı birliklerini durdurmak için hazırladığı birliklerini yavaş yavaş azaltmaya başladı. Deniz yoluyla bölgeye gelen İngiltere ve Fransa Kralları ise Akkayı ele geçirebildiler. Ancak Fransa Kralı da Akkadan ayrılınca bölgede sadece İngiltere Kralı Richard liderliğindeki Haçlılar kaldı. Onlar da Kudüs hususunda bir başarı elde edemeden ayrılmak zorunda kaldılar. Barbarossanın ölümü meselesi kaynaklarda tafsilatlı olarak kaydedilmiştir. Burada öncelikle bu konu üzerine bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır. Barbarossanın ölümü Haçlılar üzerinde kayda değer bir etki yaratmış ve çağdaş kaynaklar da bu konuda ayrıntılı veri kaydetmişlerdir. Bu verilerin tamamı düşünüldüğünde Barbarossanın ölümünün ayrıntıları, Türkler ve Haçlılar üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilecektir.

Makale detayları

Friedrich Barbarossa’s Sudden Death: An Evaluation of Its Effects on the Crusaders and the Turks

Yazarlar:

Serhat Altınkaynak

Yayıncı:

Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University

Ana Başlıklar:

Selçuklu Tarihi | Ortaçağ Tarihi (Diğer)

Dergi:

Gazi Türkiyat Issue 36, pp.127-147

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001352611

pISSN:

1307-914X

Friedrich Barbarossa

The Seljuks

Jerusalem

The Crusaders

Salah ad-Din al-AyyubiFriedrich Barbarossa

Selçuklular

Kudüs

Haçlılar

Selahaddin Eyyûbî

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Serhat Altınkaynak

Yayıncı: Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University

Ana Başlıklar: Selçuklu Tarihi | Ortaçağ Tarihi (Diğer)

Dergi: Gazi Türkiyat Issue 36, pp.127-147

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001352611

pISSN: 1307-914X

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Serhat Altınkaynak

Yayıncı:

Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University

Ana Başlıklar:

Selçuklu Tarihi | Ortaçağ Tarihi (Diğer)

Dergi:

Gazi Türkiyat Issue 36, pp.127-147

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001352611

pISSN:

1307-914X