The Concept of Hars in Ziya Gökalp and the Social and Political Effects of this Concept on the Discussions on Culture in Turkey in the Following Years

Yücel Karadaş

Makale detayları

The Concept of Hars in Ziya Gökalp and the Social and Political Effects of this Concept on the Discussions on Culture in Turkey in the Following Years

Yazarlar:

Yücel Karadaş

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

Değişme | Azgelişmişlik ve Modernleşme Sosyolojisi

Dergi:

Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.26 Issue Ölümünün 100. Yılında Ziya Gökalp ve Sosyoloji Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, pp.191-206

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001329177

pISSN:

1302-1265

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The introduction of the concept of culture, which acquired its contemporary meaning in the 18th century concurrent with the emergence of nationalism in Europe, is closely associated with Ziya Gökalp in the early 20th century within the Ottoman Empire. In adapting this concept into Turkish, he favored the terms hars and tehzib. Especially, hars contained the complete spiritual value system that differentiates one nation from another. In other words, hars encompassed the distinctive attributes of a nation. After the formation of the Republic of Turkey and especially post-1930, when the ideological and institutional trajectory of the Republic was delineated, a pronounced inclination towards Westernization surfaced. As a result, the differences that distinguished the Turkish nation from others were diminished. Consequently, the notion of hars or culture, as articulated by Ziya Gökalp, was not adopted by the subsequent single-party regimes. During this period, the notion of culture emerged as a fundamental basis for the critical perspective of a faction of intellectuals and academics who resisted the single-party practices of the Republic, which were inspired by Gökalp. From 1930 until the ascendance of the Democrat Party, the notion of culture significantly shaped a critical perspective that posited Turkishness and Islam as fundamental components of a society differentiated from the West. In the 1970s, discussions around social specificity and multiculturalism within the leftist rhetoric did not lead to significant adoption of this concept outside of the Turkish nationalist and Islamic discourses.

 The introduction of the concept of culture, which acquired its contemporary meaning in the 18th century concurrent with the emergence of nationalism in Europe, is closely associated with Ziya Gökalp in the early 20th century within the Ottoman Empire. In adapting this concept into Turkish, he favored the terms hars and tehzib. Especially, hars contained the complete spiritual value system that differentiates one nation from another. In other words, hars encompassed the distinctive attributes of a nation. After the formation of the Republic of Turkey and especially post-1930, when the ideological and institutional trajectory of the Republic was delineated, a pronounced inclination towards Westernization surfaced. As a result, the differences that distinguished the Turkish nation from others were diminished. Consequently, the notion of hars or culture, as articulated by Ziya Gökalp, was not adopted by the subsequent single-party regimes. During this period, the notion of culture emerged as a fundamental basis for the critical perspective of a faction of intellectuals and academics who resisted the single-party practices of the Republic, which were inspired by Gökalp. From 1930 until the ascendance of the Democrat Party, the notion of culture significantly shaped a critical perspective that posited Turkishness and Islam as fundamental components of a society differentiated from the West. In the 1970s, discussions around social specificity and multiculturalism within the leftist rhetoric did not lead to significant adoption of this concept outside of the Turkish nationalist and Islamic discourses.

 The introduction of the concept of culture, which acquired its contemporary meaning in the 18th century concurrent with the emergence of nationalism in Europe, is closely associated with Ziya Gökalp in the early 20th century within the Ottoman Empire. In adapting this concept into Turkish, he favored the terms hars and tehzib. Especially, hars contained the complete spiritual value system that differentiates one nation from another. In other words, hars encompassed the distinctive attributes of a nation. After the formation of the Republic of Turkey and especially post-1930, when the ideological and institutional trajectory of the Republic was delineated, a pronounced inclination towards Westernization surfaced. As a result, the differences that distinguished the Turkish nation from others were diminished. Consequently, the notion of hars or culture, as articulated by Ziya Gökalp, was not adopted by the subsequent single-party regimes. During this period, the notion of culture emerged as a fundamental basis for the critical perspective of a faction of intellectuals and academics who resisted the single-party practices of the Republic, which were inspired by Gökalp. From 1930 until the ascendance of the Democrat Party, the notion of culture significantly shaped a critical perspective that posited Turkishness and Islam as fundamental components of a society differentiated from the West. In the 1970s, discussions around social specificity and multiculturalism within the leftist rhetoric did not lead to significant adoption of this concept outside of the Turkish nationalist and Islamic discourses.

 Avrupada, 18.yy.dan başlayarak, milliyetçilik akımıyla beraber ve günümüzdeki anlamını kazanan kültür kavramının Osmanlıya gelişi, 20.yy. başında Ziya Gökalp ile beraber olmuştur. Bu kavramı Türkçeye uyarlarken tercih ettiği kavramlar hars ve tehzib olmuştur. Özellikle hars, bir milleti diğer milletlerden ayıran manevi değer dünyasının tamamını ifade etmekteydi. Yani hars, milletin kendine has özelliklerini kapsamaktaydı. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti kurulduktan sonra ve özellikle Cumhuriyetin hem ideolojik hem de kurumsal anlamda yöneliminin çizildiği 1930 yılından sonra topyekün bir Batılılaşma tercih edilecek ve dolayısıyla Türk milletini diğer milletlerden ayıran farklar arka plana itilecekti. Böylece Ziya Gökalpin vurgu yaptığı hars veya kültür olgusu, ondan sonra gelen tek parti Cumhuriyet yönetimleri tarafından sahiplenilmedi. Bu süreçte kültür kavramı, Ziya Gökalpin etkisinde olan ama Cumhuriyetin tek parti uygulamalarına muhalif bir kısım entelektüel-akademisyenin muhalefetinin temel dayanağı oldu. 1930dan Demokrat Parti iktidarına kadar bu kavram, bir yanıyla Batıdan farklı bir toplum ve bu farklılığın ana direklerinden birinin de Türklük ve İslam olduğunu söyleyen bu muhalif kesimin eleştirel tutumu, kültür kavramı etrafında şekillendi. 1970lerde, sol kesimde toplumsal özgüllük ve çok kültürcülük tartışmalarına kadar bu kavramı, söz konusu Türkçü ve İslami hassasiyetleri yüksek olan kesim dışında sahiplenen olmamıştır.

Makale detayları

The Concept of Hars in Ziya Gökalp and the Social and Political Effects of this Concept on the Discussions on Culture in Turkey in the Following Years

Yazarlar:

Yücel Karadaş

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

Değişme | Azgelişmişlik ve Modernleşme Sosyolojisi

Dergi:

Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.26 Issue Ölümünün 100. Yılında Ziya Gökalp ve Sosyoloji Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, pp.191-206

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001329177

pISSN:

1302-1265

Hars

Culture

Nation

Universalism

Total Westernizationhars

kültür

millet

evrenselcilik

topyekün Batılılaşma

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Yücel Karadaş

Yayıncı: Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar: Değişme | Azgelişmişlik ve Modernleşme Sosyolojisi

Dergi: Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.26 Issue Ölümünün 100. Yılında Ziya Gökalp ve Sosyoloji Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, pp.191-206

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 12/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001329177

pISSN: 1302-1265

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Yücel Karadaş

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

Değişme | Azgelişmişlik ve Modernleşme Sosyolojisi

Dergi:

Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.26 Issue Ölümünün 100. Yılında Ziya Gökalp ve Sosyoloji Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, pp.191-206

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001329177

pISSN:

1302-1265