The Implementation of the “Perceived Islamophobia Scale” on The Mosque and Religious Association Members Living in Norway

Musa Gelici

Makale detayları

The Implementation of the “Perceived Islamophobia Scale” on The Mosque and Religious Association Members Living in Norway

Yazarlar:

Musa Gelici

Yayıncı:

Bursa Uludağ University

Ana Başlıklar:

Dini Araştırmalar (Diğer)

Dergi:

Oksident Vol.7 Issue 1, pp.1-21

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001349020

pISSN:

2687-2749

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 This study focuses on the perceptions of Islamophobia among Muslims residing predominantly in Oslo, the capital of Norway. Islamophobia has become a globally influential issue, and even welfare states like Norway have not remained immune to its effects. As a result, Norway has also been impacted by this global phenomenon. Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, anti-Muslim sentiments became more visible in Norway, with certain websites, NGOs, and politicians openly portraying Muslims as a potential threat to democracy. In this context, anti-Muslim and anti-immigrant sentiments began to strengthen in the country. The far-right Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet capitalized on this atmosphere, increasing its votes significantly and becoming the second-largest party in the Norwegian parliament. The aftermath of 911 created a dangerous precedent that, a decade later, would fuel the deadly ideology of Anders Behring Breivik, who carried out a terrorist attack in Norway driven by Islamophobic motives. For a certain period, Breivik was affiliated with the Progress Partys youth wing, which suggests that the partys nationalist and exclusionary discourse played a formative role in shaping his extremist worldview. Although Breivik eventually distanced himself from the party, considering it too weak for his radical goals, the ideological foundations laid by the party served as a cornerstone in constructing his lethal mindset. The main objective of this study is to identify how Muslims, who are members of mosque associations and religious organizations in Oslo, perceive and experience Islamophobia. A quantitative research method with a survey design was employed. The study sample consists of Muslim individuals affiliated with mosque associations operating in Oslo. Data were collected using the Perceived Islamophobia Scale, originally developed by Kunst et al. and adapted into Turkish by Kılıç and Acar under the title Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability Study of the Perceived Islamophobia Scale. Findings indicate that participants overall perception of Islamophobia is at a moderate level. While the dimensions of Islamization fear and general fear are also moderate, the influence of media is perceived at a high level. Participants emphasized the impact of media most strongly. Negative media representations of Muslims appear to be influential, particularly among women and individuals aged 3145, who reported higher levels of Islamization fear. Therefore, the study underlines the responsibility of the media, the importance of education, and the need to raise social awareness in combating Islamophobia. It recommends the criminalization of Islamophobic discourse and the development of relevant state policies. Moreover, it emphasizes that Norway must address this issue at the level of official state policy.

 This study focuses on the perceptions of Islamophobia among Muslims residing predominantly in Oslo, the capital of Norway. Islamophobia has become a globally influential issue, and even welfare states like Norway have not remained immune to its effects. As a result, Norway has also been impacted by this global phenomenon. Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, anti-Muslim sentiments became more visible in Norway, with certain websites, NGOs, and politicians openly portraying Muslims as a potential threat to democracy. In this context, anti-Muslim and anti-immigrant sentiments began to strengthen in the country. The far-right Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet capitalized on this atmosphere, increasing its votes significantly and becoming the second-largest party in the Norwegian parliament. The aftermath of 911 created a dangerous precedent that, a decade later, would fuel the deadly ideology of Anders Behring Breivik, who carried out a terrorist attack in Norway driven by Islamophobic motives. For a certain period, Breivik was affiliated with the Progress Partys youth wing, which suggests that the partys nationalist and exclusionary discourse played a formative role in shaping his extremist worldview. Although Breivik eventually distanced himself from the party, considering it too weak for his radical goals, the ideological foundations laid by the party served as a cornerstone in constructing his lethal mindset. The main objective of this study is to identify how Muslims, who are members of mosque associations and religious organizations in Oslo, perceive and experience Islamophobia. A quantitative research method with a survey design was employed. The study sample consists of Muslim individuals affiliated with mosque associations operating in Oslo. Data were collected using the Perceived Islamophobia Scale, originally developed by Kunst et al. and adapted into Turkish by Kılıç and Acar under the title Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability Study of the Perceived Islamophobia Scale. Findings indicate that participants overall perception of Islamophobia is at a moderate level. While the dimensions of Islamization fear and general fear are also moderate, the influence of media is perceived at a high level. Participants emphasized the impact of media most strongly. Negative media representations of Muslims appear to be influential, particularly among women and individuals aged 3145, who reported higher levels of Islamization fear. Therefore, the study underlines the responsibility of the media, the importance of education, and the need to raise social awareness in combating Islamophobia. It recommends the criminalization of Islamophobic discourse and the development of relevant state policies. Moreover, it emphasizes that Norway must address this issue at the level of official state policy.

 This study focuses on the perceptions of Islamophobia among Muslims residing predominantly in Oslo, the capital of Norway. Islamophobia has become a globally influential issue, and even welfare states like Norway have not remained immune to its effects. As a result, Norway has also been impacted by this global phenomenon. Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, anti-Muslim sentiments became more visible in Norway, with certain websites, NGOs, and politicians openly portraying Muslims as a potential threat to democracy. In this context, anti-Muslim and anti-immigrant sentiments began to strengthen in the country. The far-right Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet capitalized on this atmosphere, increasing its votes significantly and becoming the second-largest party in the Norwegian parliament. The aftermath of 911 created a dangerous precedent that, a decade later, would fuel the deadly ideology of Anders Behring Breivik, who carried out a terrorist attack in Norway driven by Islamophobic motives. For a certain period, Breivik was affiliated with the Progress Partys youth wing, which suggests that the partys nationalist and exclusionary discourse played a formative role in shaping his extremist worldview. Although Breivik eventually distanced himself from the party, considering it too weak for his radical goals, the ideological foundations laid by the party served as a cornerstone in constructing his lethal mindset. The main objective of this study is to identify how Muslims, who are members of mosque associations and religious organizations in Oslo, perceive and experience Islamophobia. A quantitative research method with a survey design was employed. The study sample consists of Muslim individuals affiliated with mosque associations operating in Oslo. Data were collected using the Perceived Islamophobia Scale, originally developed by Kunst et al. and adapted into Turkish by Kılıç and Acar under the title Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability Study of the Perceived Islamophobia Scale. Findings indicate that participants overall perception of Islamophobia is at a moderate level. While the dimensions of Islamization fear and general fear are also moderate, the influence of media is perceived at a high level. Participants emphasized the impact of media most strongly. Negative media representations of Muslims appear to be influential, particularly among women and individuals aged 3145, who reported higher levels of Islamization fear. Therefore, the study underlines the responsibility of the media, the importance of education, and the need to raise social awareness in combating Islamophobia. It recommends the criminalization of Islamophobic discourse and the development of relevant state policies. Moreover, it emphasizes that Norway must address this issue at the level of official state policy.

 Bu çalışma Norveçin başkenti Osloda yoğunluklu olarak yaşayan Müslümanların İslamofobi olgusuna dair algılamalarını konu almaktadır. İslamofobi, küresel düzeyde etkili bir sorun haline gelmiş ve Norveç gibi sosyal refah devleti yapısına sahip ülkelerde dahi yaygınlaşmıştır. Sonuç olarak Norveç de küresel bir olgu olan İslamofobinin etkisi altında kalmaktan kendini koruyamamış 11 Eylül 2001 terör saldırısından sonra Müslüman karşıtı kesim özel web siteleri, STKlar ve siyasetçileriyle Norveçte belirgin bir şekilde görülmeye başlamış ve Müslümanların demokrasi için potansiyel bir tehdit olduğu iddiasını kamusal alanda dile getirmeye başlamışlardır. Bu bakımdan Norveçte, güçlü bir şekilde Müslüman ve göçmen karşıtlığı görülmeye başlamış 11 Eylül etkisi ile aşırı sağcı parti İlerleme Partisi Fremskrittspartiet de oylarını yükselterek meclisteki en büyük ikinci parti konumuna yükselmiştir. 11 Eylülün açtığı bu kötü çığır on yıl sonra Norveçte İslam karşıtı duygularla beslenip terör eylemi yapacak olan Anders Breiviki, aşırı sağ siyasetin bayraktar partisi İlerleme Partisinin ırkçı havuzundan belli bir süreye kadar üyelik yoluyla beslemiştir. Her ne kadar Breivik, İlerleme Partisinin göç ve İslam karşıtı söylemini yeterince radikal bulmayarak İslama karşı yürüttüğü savaşı farklı yollarla sürdürme arayışına girmiş olsa da bu parti onun radikal düşünce sisteminin oluşumunda ideolojik bir zemin ve başlangıç noktası işlevi görmüştür. Çalışmanın amacı; Osloda yaşayan göçmen kökenli bireyler içerisinden cami derneği ve dini dernek statüsündeki organizasyonlara üye olan Müslümanların İslamofobi olgusunu algılama biçimlerini ve düzeylerini tespit etmektir. Çalışmada nicel araştırma yöntemi ile yapılan çalışmada tarama deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini Norveçin başkenti Osloda faaliyet gösteren cami derneklerine üye Müslüman bireyler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada orijinali Kunst ve diğerlerinin geliştirdiği, Kılıç ve Acar tarafından Algılanan İslamofobi Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması, Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması adıyla uyarlanan ölçek kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda katılımcıların İslamofobiyi algılama düzeylerinin orta seviyede, İslamlaşma korkusu ve genel korku boyutları orta düzeyde, Medya etkisi boyutunun yüksek düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiş ve katılımcılar en çok Medya etkisine vurgu yapmışlardır. Bu durum, medyada Müslümanlara yönelik olumsuz temsillerin etkili olduğu, özellikle kadınların ve 31-45 yaş grubunun daha yüksek İslamlaşma Korkusu algısına sahip olması sonucunu doğurmuştur. Bu nedenle İslamofobiyle mücadelede medyanın sorumluluğuna, eğitimin önemine ve toplumsal farkındalığın artırılması gerektiğine vurgu yapılarak İslamofobik söylemlerin cezai yaptırımlara bağlanması ve devlet politikalarının bu doğrultuda geliştirilmesi önerilmiş, özellikle eğitim yoluyla toplumsal farkındalığın artırılması gerektiğini vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca, Norveçin bu sorunu devlet politikası düzeyinde ele alması gerektiğinin altı çizilmiştir.

Makale detayları

The Implementation of the “Perceived Islamophobia Scale” on The Mosque and Religious Association Members Living in Norway

Yazarlar:

Musa Gelici

Yayıncı:

Bursa Uludağ University

Ana Başlıklar:

Dini Araştırmalar (Diğer)

Dergi:

Oksident Vol.7 Issue 1, pp.1-21

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001349020

pISSN:

2687-2749

Sociology of Religion

Norway

Multiculturalism

Islam and Muslims

Perceived IslamophobiaDin Sosyolojisi

Norveç

Çok Kültürlülük

İslam ve Müslümanlar

Algılanan İslamofobi

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Musa Gelici

Yayıncı: Bursa Uludağ University

Ana Başlıklar: Dini Araştırmalar (Diğer)

Dergi: Oksident Vol.7 Issue 1, pp.1-21

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001349020

pISSN: 2687-2749

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Musa Gelici

Yayıncı:

Bursa Uludağ University

Ana Başlıklar:

Dini Araştırmalar (Diğer)

Dergi:

Oksident Vol.7 Issue 1, pp.1-21

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001349020

pISSN:

2687-2749