ECONOMIC AND FISCAL FACTORS AFFECTING FEMALE EMPLOYMENT: PANEL DATA ANALYSIS FOR TÜRKİYE AND SEDI REGIONS

Gülay Akgül Yılmaz; Gözde Nalbant Efe

Makale detayları

ECONOMIC AND FISCAL FACTORS AFFECTING FEMALE EMPLOYMENT: PANEL DATA ANALYSIS FOR TÜRKİYE AND SEDI REGIONS

Yazarlar:

Gülay Akgül Yılmaz | Gözde Nalbant Efe

Yayıncı:

Marmara University

Ana Başlıklar:

Panel Veri Analizi | İstihdam | Maliye Politikası | Kadın Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Öneri Dergisi Vol.20 Issue 63, pp.117-147

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001339840

pISSN:

1300-0845

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The very low level of the female employment rate in Türkiye, which is 31.3 as of 2023, is clear when compared to both the male employment rate of 65.7 and the female employment average of 51.1 in OECD countries. Increasing the employment rate of women, who make up half of the population, is important not only for the empowerment of women but also for the strengthening of society and the economy, in other words, for development and national welfare. The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of economic and fiscal factors that are accepted to have an effect on female employment in Türkiye, both on a national scale and in four regions determined according to the Socio-Economic Development Index SEDI created by the Ministry of Industry and Technology, in a way that will guide fiscal, economic and social policies that will increase female employment. In the analyses, the effects of fiscal policy tools on increasing womens employment were tried to be revealed from the perspective of individual tax burden and public expenditures to increase human capital by including per capita tax and per capita education and health expenditures in the fiscal area. The analysis, which was first carried out for Türkiye in general with the 2009-2020 NUTS Level-2 data, was then repeated for each of the four SEDI regions. Thus, the factors that are effective in increasing female employment in each region with different socioeconomic development levels were determined and findings were tried to be presented for the implementation of differentiated policies and practices at the regional level.

 The very low level of the female employment rate in Türkiye, which is 31.3 as of 2023, is clear when compared to both the male employment rate of 65.7 and the female employment average of 51.1 in OECD countries. Increasing the employment rate of women, who make up half of the population, is important not only for the empowerment of women but also for the strengthening of society and the economy, in other words, for development and national welfare. The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of economic and fiscal factors that are accepted to have an effect on female employment in Türkiye, both on a national scale and in four regions determined according to the Socio-Economic Development Index SEDI created by the Ministry of Industry and Technology, in a way that will guide fiscal, economic and social policies that will increase female employment. In the analyses, the effects of fiscal policy tools on increasing womens employment were tried to be revealed from the perspective of individual tax burden and public expenditures to increase human capital by including per capita tax and per capita education and health expenditures in the fiscal area. The analysis, which was first carried out for Türkiye in general with the 2009-2020 NUTS Level-2 data, was then repeated for each of the four SEDI regions. Thus, the factors that are effective in increasing female employment in each region with different socioeconomic development levels were determined and findings were tried to be presented for the implementation of differentiated policies and practices at the regional level.

 The very low level of the female employment rate in Türkiye, which is 31.3 as of 2023, is clear when compared to both the male employment rate of 65.7 and the female employment average of 51.1 in OECD countries. Increasing the employment rate of women, who make up half of the population, is important not only for the empowerment of women but also for the strengthening of society and the economy, in other words, for development and national welfare. The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of economic and fiscal factors that are accepted to have an effect on female employment in Türkiye, both on a national scale and in four regions determined according to the Socio-Economic Development Index SEDI created by the Ministry of Industry and Technology, in a way that will guide fiscal, economic and social policies that will increase female employment. In the analyses, the effects of fiscal policy tools on increasing womens employment were tried to be revealed from the perspective of individual tax burden and public expenditures to increase human capital by including per capita tax and per capita education and health expenditures in the fiscal area. The analysis, which was first carried out for Türkiye in general with the 2009-2020 NUTS Level-2 data, was then repeated for each of the four SEDI regions. Thus, the factors that are effective in increasing female employment in each region with different socioeconomic development levels were determined and findings were tried to be presented for the implementation of differentiated policies and practices at the regional level.

 Türkiyede 2023 yılı itibarıyla 31,3 olan kadın istihdam oranının çok düşük düzeylerde olduğu gerek 65,7 olan erkek istihdam oranı ile gerekse 51,1 olan OECD ülkeleri kadın istihdam ortalaması ile kıyaslandığında net bir şekilde görülmektedir. Nüfusun yarısını oluşturan kadınların istihdam oranının artırılması kadınların güçlendirilmesinin yanı sıra toplumun ve ekonominin güçlenmesi başka deyişle kalkınma ve ulusal refah açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiyede kadın istihdamını artırıcı kamu mali, ekonomik ve sosyal politikalarına yön verecek şekilde kadın istihdamı üzerinde etkili olduğu kabul edilen ekonomik ve mali faktörlerin gerek Türkiye ölçeğinde gerekse Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı tarafından oluşturulmuş Sosyo Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Endeksine SEGE göre belirlenen dört alt bölge itibarıyla etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Analizlerde, mali alana ilişkin kişi başına düşen vergi ile kişi başına düşen eğitim ve sağlık harcamalarına yer verilerek, kadın istihdamını artırmada mali politika araçlarının etkileri, bireysel vergi yükü ve beşeri sermayeyi geliştirmeye yönelik kamu harcamaları perspektifinden ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır. 2009-2020 dönemi İBBS Düzey-2 verileri ile önce Türkiye geneli için gerçekleştirilen analiz daha sonra dört SEGE bölgesinin her biri için tekrarlanmıştır. Böylece farklı sosyoekonomik gelişmişlik düzeyine sahip her bir bölgede kadın istihdamının artırılması yönünde etkili olan faktörler belirlenerek bölgesel düzeyde farklılaştırılmış politika ve uygulamaların gerçekleştirilebilmesine yönelik bulgular ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Makale detayları

ECONOMIC AND FISCAL FACTORS AFFECTING FEMALE EMPLOYMENT: PANEL DATA ANALYSIS FOR TÜRKİYE AND SEDI REGIONS

Yazarlar:

Gülay Akgül Yılmaz | Gözde Nalbant Efe

Yayıncı:

Marmara University

Ana Başlıklar:

Panel Veri Analizi | İstihdam | Maliye Politikası | Kadın Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Öneri Dergisi Vol.20 Issue 63, pp.117-147

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001339840

pISSN:

1300-0845

Female employment

Development

Economic growth

Gender equality

Public policies

Employment policies

Panel data analysisKadın İstihdamı

Kalkınma

Ekonomik Büyüme

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği

Kamu Politikaları

İstihdam Politikaları

Panel Veri Analizi

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Gülay Akgül Yılmaz | Gözde Nalbant Efe

Yayıncı: Marmara University

Ana Başlıklar: Panel Veri Analizi | İstihdam | Maliye Politikası | Kadın Araştırmaları

Dergi: Öneri Dergisi Vol.20 Issue 63, pp.117-147

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 1/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001339840

pISSN: 1300-0845

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Gülay Akgül Yılmaz | Gözde Nalbant Efe

Yayıncı:

Marmara University

Ana Başlıklar:

Panel Veri Analizi | İstihdam | Maliye Politikası | Kadın Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Öneri Dergisi Vol.20 Issue 63, pp.117-147

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001339840

pISSN:

1300-0845