Politeness Theory in Arabic Language: Analysis of Dialogues in the Context of al-Istifhām Style in the Quran

Yusuf Akyüz

Makale detayları

Politeness Theory in Arabic Language: Analysis of Dialogues in the Context of al-Istifhām Style in the Quran

Yazarlar:

Yusuf Akyüz

Yayıncı:

Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Arap Dili ve Belagatı

Dergi:

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 2, pp.610-632

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001336432

pISSN:

2757-6949

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 With the development of linguistics in the West and its branching into various fields, some new concepts have emerged. Especially after the introduction of pragmatics into the field of linguistics, a communication-centered understanding of language has become predominant. For the smooth execution of communication, the concepts of politeness and face were first developed by P. Brown and Levinson and were included among linguistic terms. The politeness theory is a concept derived from the notion of face used by Goffman in sociolinguistics. The starting point of face and politeness theory is based on the smooth continuation and completion of communication. Goffman divides face into two types: the positive face, which symbolizes the desire for approval and acceptance; and the negative face, which symbolizes the need to be left undisturbed and to have ones autonomy respected. With the development of politeness theory in the field of linguistics, four types of politeness strategies were identified for use in communication: direct, positive, negative, and indirect, each with its own discourse forms. The aim of this study is to determine the place of the concepts of face, politeness theory, and strategies in Arabic linguistic sciences and their nuances in rhetorical styles of al-istihfām in the Quran. The application area chosen is the rhetorical styles of al-istifhām in human dialogues in the Quran. These rhetorical styles were selected from expressions used in indirect speech acts such as encouragement, requests, and suggesting rather than direct questioning. The study employs a qualitative research method, compiling and synthesizing data from contemporary linguistic studies and classical Arabic language sources. Accordingly, politeness theory, face concepts, and politeness strategies were thoroughly examined based on up-to-date sources in English, Turkish, and Arabic. After presenting sufficient information on these concepts through the examinations, meanings directly and indirectly related to these concepts were explored in the fields of Arabic grammar, rhetoric, and al-tafsīr sciences. Firstly, in Arabic, the concept of politeness is examined within the terms al-taaddub, at-talattuf, and at-tadarruf; while the concept of face is explored through terms such as al-wajh, māul-wajh, siyānetul-wajh, and irāqatul-wajh. The rhetorical style of al-istifhām, its references, and its implications in the Quran are addressed. The study then discusses the Qurans statements regarding the preservation of politeness and face. Finally, the rhetorical styles of al-istifhām mentioned above in the Quran are interpreted in terms of politeness strategies and the concept of face. A literature review was conducted, and a number of academic studies were identified. However, some of these studies have focused on the analysis of politeness theory and face in political discourse and intercultural translation activities. In Arabic, it has been observed in literary works, grammatical contexts, the general scope of the Quran, and specifically in Surah al-Kahf. However, no studies addressing the nuances of discourse types such as commands, exclamations, and prohibitions in terms of politeness have been identified. This study investigates the politeness strategies and face preservation within the rhetorical style of al-istifhām in the Quran. In this respect, the study has a unique identity in the field of science. It is anticipated that this research could serve as a prototype for examining indirect references with a broad usage in the Arabic language within the context of politeness theory. The study concludes that, although politeness and face are concepts discovered and developed by 20th-century linguists, their roots trace back to much earlier times. They were addressed in various contexts in early Arabic linguistic studies and al-tafsīr. It is particularly understood that contemporary linguistic perspectives have enriched the meaning of the face concept. The Quran recommends executing the mission of prophethood with kind speech al-qawl al-layyin to protect the face of the addressees. It is observed that the Quran uses rhetorical styles of al-istifhām not just for asking questions but more for commands, encouragement, prohibition, and suggesting, thereby protecting the negative face of the addressees.

 With the development of linguistics in the West and its branching into various fields, some new concepts have emerged. Especially after the introduction of pragmatics into the field of linguistics, a communication-centered understanding of language has become predominant. For the smooth execution of communication, the concepts of politeness and face were first developed by P. Brown and Levinson and were included among linguistic terms. The politeness theory is a concept derived from the notion of face used by Goffman in sociolinguistics. The starting point of face and politeness theory is based on the smooth continuation and completion of communication. Goffman divides face into two types: the positive face, which symbolizes the desire for approval and acceptance; and the negative face, which symbolizes the need to be left undisturbed and to have ones autonomy respected. With the development of politeness theory in the field of linguistics, four types of politeness strategies were identified for use in communication: direct, positive, negative, and indirect, each with its own discourse forms. The aim of this study is to determine the place of the concepts of face, politeness theory, and strategies in Arabic linguistic sciences and their nuances in rhetorical styles of al-istihfām in the Quran. The application area chosen is the rhetorical styles of al-istifhām in human dialogues in the Quran. These rhetorical styles were selected from expressions used in indirect speech acts such as encouragement, requests, and suggesting rather than direct questioning. The study employs a qualitative research method, compiling and synthesizing data from contemporary linguistic studies and classical Arabic language sources. Accordingly, politeness theory, face concepts, and politeness strategies were thoroughly examined based on up-to-date sources in English, Turkish, and Arabic. After presenting sufficient information on these concepts through the examinations, meanings directly and indirectly related to these concepts were explored in the fields of Arabic grammar, rhetoric, and al-tafsīr sciences. Firstly, in Arabic, the concept of politeness is examined within the terms al-taaddub, at-talattuf, and at-tadarruf; while the concept of face is explored through terms such as al-wajh, māul-wajh, siyānetul-wajh, and irāqatul-wajh. The rhetorical style of al-istifhām, its references, and its implications in the Quran are addressed. The study then discusses the Qurans statements regarding the preservation of politeness and face. Finally, the rhetorical styles of al-istifhām mentioned above in the Quran are interpreted in terms of politeness strategies and the concept of face. A literature review was conducted, and a number of academic studies were identified. However, some of these studies have focused on the analysis of politeness theory and face in political discourse and intercultural translation activities. In Arabic, it has been observed in literary works, grammatical contexts, the general scope of the Quran, and specifically in Surah al-Kahf. However, no studies addressing the nuances of discourse types such as commands, exclamations, and prohibitions in terms of politeness have been identified. This study investigates the politeness strategies and face preservation within the rhetorical style of al-istifhām in the Quran. In this respect, the study has a unique identity in the field of science. It is anticipated that this research could serve as a prototype for examining indirect references with a broad usage in the Arabic language within the context of politeness theory. The study concludes that, although politeness and face are concepts discovered and developed by 20th-century linguists, their roots trace back to much earlier times. They were addressed in various contexts in early Arabic linguistic studies and al-tafsīr. It is particularly understood that contemporary linguistic perspectives have enriched the meaning of the face concept. The Quran recommends executing the mission of prophethood with kind speech al-qawl al-layyin to protect the face of the addressees. It is observed that the Quran uses rhetorical styles of al-istifhām not just for asking questions but more for commands, encouragement, prohibition, and suggesting, thereby protecting the negative face of the addressees.

 With the development of linguistics in the West and its branching into various fields, some new concepts have emerged. Especially after the introduction of pragmatics into the field of linguistics, a communication-centered understanding of language has become predominant. For the smooth execution of communication, the concepts of politeness and face were first developed by P. Brown and Levinson and were included among linguistic terms. The politeness theory is a concept derived from the notion of face used by Goffman in sociolinguistics. The starting point of face and politeness theory is based on the smooth continuation and completion of communication. Goffman divides face into two types: the positive face, which symbolizes the desire for approval and acceptance; and the negative face, which symbolizes the need to be left undisturbed and to have ones autonomy respected. With the development of politeness theory in the field of linguistics, four types of politeness strategies were identified for use in communication: direct, positive, negative, and indirect, each with its own discourse forms. The aim of this study is to determine the place of the concepts of face, politeness theory, and strategies in Arabic linguistic sciences and their nuances in rhetorical styles of al-istihfām in the Quran. The application area chosen is the rhetorical styles of al-istifhām in human dialogues in the Quran. These rhetorical styles were selected from expressions used in indirect speech acts such as encouragement, requests, and suggesting rather than direct questioning. The study employs a qualitative research method, compiling and synthesizing data from contemporary linguistic studies and classical Arabic language sources. Accordingly, politeness theory, face concepts, and politeness strategies were thoroughly examined based on up-to-date sources in English, Turkish, and Arabic. After presenting sufficient information on these concepts through the examinations, meanings directly and indirectly related to these concepts were explored in the fields of Arabic grammar, rhetoric, and al-tafsīr sciences. Firstly, in Arabic, the concept of politeness is examined within the terms al-taaddub, at-talattuf, and at-tadarruf; while the concept of face is explored through terms such as al-wajh, māul-wajh, siyānetul-wajh, and irāqatul-wajh. The rhetorical style of al-istifhām, its references, and its implications in the Quran are addressed. The study then discusses the Qurans statements regarding the preservation of politeness and face. Finally, the rhetorical styles of al-istifhām mentioned above in the Quran are interpreted in terms of politeness strategies and the concept of face. A literature review was conducted, and a number of academic studies were identified. However, some of these studies have focused on the analysis of politeness theory and face in political discourse and intercultural translation activities. In Arabic, it has been observed in literary works, grammatical contexts, the general scope of the Quran, and specifically in Surah al-Kahf. However, no studies addressing the nuances of discourse types such as commands, exclamations, and prohibitions in terms of politeness have been identified. This study investigates the politeness strategies and face preservation within the rhetorical style of al-istifhām in the Quran. In this respect, the study has a unique identity in the field of science. It is anticipated that this research could serve as a prototype for examining indirect references with a broad usage in the Arabic language within the context of politeness theory. The study concludes that, although politeness and face are concepts discovered and developed by 20th-century linguists, their roots trace back to much earlier times. They were addressed in various contexts in early Arabic linguistic studies and al-tafsīr. It is particularly understood that contemporary linguistic perspectives have enriched the meaning of the face concept. The Quran recommends executing the mission of prophethood with kind speech al-qawl al-layyin to protect the face of the addressees. It is observed that the Quran uses rhetorical styles of al-istifhām not just for asking questions but more for commands, encouragement, prohibition, and suggesting, thereby protecting the negative face of the addressees.

 Batıda dilbilimin gelişmesi ve çeşitli dallara ayrılmasıyla birlikte bazı yeni kavramlar da ortaya çıkmıştır. Özellikle edimbilimin dilbilim sahasına girmesinin akabinde iletişim merkezli dil anlayışı hâkim olmuştur. İletişimin -doğru bir şekilde icrası için incelik ve yüz kavramları ilk kez P. Brown ve Levinson tarafından geliştirilmiş ve dilbilim terimleri arasına dâhil edilmiştir. İncelik kuramı politeness theory, dilbilim ve toplumbilim alanında Goffman tarafından kullanılan yüz olgusundan hareketle oluşturulan bir kavramdır. Yüz olgusu ظاهرة الوجه ve incelik kuramının مبدأ التأدب çıkış noktası, iletişimin pürüzsüz bir şekilde sürdürülmesi ve tamamlanması ilkesine dayanmaktadır. E. Goffman, yüzü bireyin onaylanma ve kabul edilme arzusunu simgeleyen olumlu yüzü; rahatsız edilmeme ve kişinin özerk alanlarına müdahale edilmeme ihtiyacını simgeleyen olumsuz yüzü olmak üzere ikiye ayırmaktadır. İncelik kuramının dilbilim sahasında gelişmesiyle iletişim esnasında uygulanabilecek yalın sade, olumlu, olumsuz ve dolaylı olmak üzere dört çeşit incelik stratejisi ve bu stratejilerin kendilerine özgü söylem formları da belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı modern dilbilim kavramlarından yüz olgusu, incelik kuramı ve incelik stratejilerinin Arap dili ilimlerindeki yeri ve Kuranda istifham üsluplarındaki incelik stratejilerini ve yüzün konumunu belirlemektir. Uygulama alanı olarak Kuranda geçen beşerî diyaloglardaki istifham üslupları tercih edilmiştir. Bu istifham üslupları doğrudan sormak anlamından ziyade teşvik, talep, düşündürme gibi dolaylı söz edimleri olarak kullanılan ifadelerden seçilmiştir. Çalışma, nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak konuyla ilgili verilerin güncel dilbilim çalışmalardan ve klasik Arap dili kaynaklarından derleme ve sentezleme yapılarak oluşturulmuştur. Bu doğrultuda öncelikle incelik kuramı, yüz olgusu ve incelik stratejileri başta İngilizce olmak üzere Türkçe ve Arapça ilgili güncel kaynaklardan araştırma yapılarak etraflıca ele alınmıştır. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda mezkûr kavramlarla ilgili yeterince bilgi sunulduktan sonra bu kavramlarla doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak ilgili anlamlar Arap dili nahiv, belagat ve tefsir ilimlerinden araştırılmıştır. Arap dili ilimlerinde literatüründe incelik kavramı tehzibul-kelam, teeddüb, talattuf ve tazarruf terimleri; yüz kavramı ise vech, mâul-vech, sıyânetul-vech, irâkatul-vech gibi kelimelerin kullanımı kapsamında incelenmiştir. Arap dilinde istifham üslubu, bu üslubun gönderimleri ve Kuranda istifham üslubunun delaletleri ele alınmıştır. Daha sonra incelik ve yüzün korunması hususunda Kurandan araştırma yapılmıştır. Son olarak Kuranda yukarıda değinilen istifham üsluplarını içeren ayetler incelik stratejileri ve yüz olgusu açısından yorumlamaya tabi tutulmuştur. Konuyla ilgili literatür taraması yapılmış ve birtakım akademik çalışmalar tespit edilmiştir. Ancak bu çalışmaların bir kısmı inceliknezaket kuramı ve yüz olgusunu siyasi söylem çözümlemelerinde, kalıp sözlerde ve kültürler arası çeviri faaliyetlerinde incelemiş olduğu fark edilmiştir. Arap dilinde ise edebi yapıtlarda, dilbilgisel bağlamda, Kuranın genelinde ve Kehf sûresi kapsamında araştırıldığı görülmüştür. Ancak emir, taaccüp, nehiy istifham gibi belli söylem türlerindeki incelik boyutunu ele alan çalışma henüz tespit edilememiştir. Bu çalışmada ise Kuranda istifham üslubunda gözüken incelik stratejileri ve yüz olgusunun korunumu araştırılmıştır. Özellikle Arap dilinde geniş kullanım ağına sahip olan dolaylı gönderimlerin incelik kuramı bağlamında incelenmesinde prototip olabileceği öngörülmektedir. Çalışma sonucunda incelik ve yüz olgusu 20. Yy. dilbilimcileri tarafından keşfedilmiş ve geliştirilmiş bir kavram olsa da köklerinin ve iletişim eyleminde kullanımının çok öncelere dayandığı görülmüştür. Erken dönem Arap dilbilim çalışmalarında ve tefsir ilimlerinde çeşitli bağlamlarda ele alındığı tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle yüz kavramına günümüz dilbilim bakış açısına uygun anlamların yüklendiği anlaşılmıştır. Kuranda risaletin gayesi olan tebliğin muhatapların özellikle olumsuz yüzlerini korumak için kavl-i leyyinle icra edilmesi tavsiye edildiği görülmüştür. Kuranın istifham üslubunu, sormak anlamı dışında daha çok emir, teşvik, yasaklama, düşündürme gibi çeşitli anlamlarda kullanarak muhataplarının olumsuz yüzlerini koruduğu ve bu sayede incelik stratejilerini kullandığı görülmüştür.

Makale detayları

Politeness Theory in Arabic Language: Analysis of Dialogues in the Context of al-Istifhām Style in the Quran

Yazarlar:

Yusuf Akyüz

Yayıncı:

Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Arap Dili ve Belagatı

Dergi:

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 2, pp.610-632

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001336432

pISSN:

2757-6949

Arabic Language Rhetoric

Qur

Politeness

Strategies of Politeness

al-Istifhām

al-Wajch (Face).Arap Dili Belagatı

Kur’ân ve Nezaket Teorisi

İncelik

İncelik Stratejileri

İstifham el-Vech (Yüz).

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Yusuf Akyüz

Yayıncı: Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar: Arap Dili ve Belagatı

Dergi: Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 2, pp.610-632

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 12/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001336432

pISSN: 2757-6949

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Yusuf Akyüz

Yayıncı:

Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Arap Dili ve Belagatı

Dergi:

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 2, pp.610-632

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001336432

pISSN:

2757-6949