A Comparative Analysis on the Legal Nature of “Khiyar al-Nakd”

Fatih Avcı

Makale detayları

A Comparative Analysis on the Legal Nature of “Khiyar al-Nakd”

Yazarlar:

Fatih Avcı

Yayıncı:

Süleyman Demirel University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Issue 50, pp.158-184

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294855

pISSN:

2602-2346

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Khiyar al-nakd is one of the few retention rights stipulated in contracts in Islamic Law. It is generally applied in sales contracts, and when it is stipulated on behalf of the buyer, it gives the seller the right to terminate the contract if the price is not paid within a certain period of time. In this form, it is known as lex commissoria in Roman law. When it is stipulated on behalf of the seller, it allows the seller to take back his goods by returning the price within a certain period of time. In this form, it is known as pactum de retroemendo in Roman law and as the right of repurchase in Turkish law. Since this right of retention creates an uncertainty as to whether the contract will continue or not and suspends the emergence of the provisions of the contract, it should essentially vitiate the contract. However, the Hanafī and Hanbalī jurists have said that it is legitimate in istihsan based on the evidence of khiyar al-shart. Khiyar al-shart gives the person an arbitrary right to terminate the contract because he stipulated it in the contract. In the case of cash, on the other hand, termination occurs because the buyer does not pay the price for the goods he has purchased. For this reason, khiyar al-nakd is more legitimate than khiyar al-shart. Just as khiyar al-shart is legitimized by istihsan because it gives the seller the opportunity to reflect on the contract, khiyar al-nakd is legitimized because it allows the seller to see whether he will be able to get what he has sold or not. However, the Mālikī and Hanbalī jurists have expressed a negative opinion on khiyar al-nakd. Because, according to them, there is no need for it when there is a conditional one. In addition, it is not supported by reliable evidence. In this study, a comparative analysis will be made on the legal nature of the rights included in khiyar al-nakd. It will examine how those who legitimize this right explain it legally and will include some explanations about its legal nature that we have not encountered in other sources. Since the Hanafi jurists have done more work on khiyar al-nakd and have analyzed it in more detail, the subject will generally be discussed through Hanafi sources, but occasionally Hanbalī sources will also be included. First, some basic concepts will be introduced, which will be compared below. Then, it will be emphasized that khiyar al-nakd is a part of khiyar al-shart. Since the provisions of khiyar al-nakd are generally taken from khiyar al-shart, the legal nature of khiyar al-nakd will be tried to be revealed by making use of the studies on khiyar al-shart. Then, it will be mentioned that khiyar al-nakd is a right, and that it is a talikī condition when it is stipulated for the seller and a taqyidī condition when it is stipulated for the buyer. Then, a comparison will be made between khiyar al-nakd and sale with repurchase condition, which some jurists consider to be a derivative of it. Since some jurists who do not legitimize khiyar al-nakd compare it with the ikāla contract, its comparison with the ikāla contract will also be made. Finally, the contract of sale with reservation of ownership, which is very similar to khiyar al-nakd in Turkish law in terms of its purposes, will be examined and the differences between it and khiyar al-nakd will be revealed.

 Khiyar al-nakd is one of the few retention rights stipulated in contracts in Islamic Law. It is generally applied in sales contracts, and when it is stipulated on behalf of the buyer, it gives the seller the right to terminate the contract if the price is not paid within a certain period of time. In this form, it is known as lex commissoria in Roman law. When it is stipulated on behalf of the seller, it allows the seller to take back his goods by returning the price within a certain period of time. In this form, it is known as pactum de retroemendo in Roman law and as the right of repurchase in Turkish law. Since this right of retention creates an uncertainty as to whether the contract will continue or not and suspends the emergence of the provisions of the contract, it should essentially vitiate the contract. However, the Hanafī and Hanbalī jurists have said that it is legitimate in istihsan based on the evidence of khiyar al-shart. Khiyar al-shart gives the person an arbitrary right to terminate the contract because he stipulated it in the contract. In the case of cash, on the other hand, termination occurs because the buyer does not pay the price for the goods he has purchased. For this reason, khiyar al-nakd is more legitimate than khiyar al-shart. Just as khiyar al-shart is legitimized by istihsan because it gives the seller the opportunity to reflect on the contract, khiyar al-nakd is legitimized because it allows the seller to see whether he will be able to get what he has sold or not. However, the Mālikī and Hanbalī jurists have expressed a negative opinion on khiyar al-nakd. Because, according to them, there is no need for it when there is a conditional one. In addition, it is not supported by reliable evidence. In this study, a comparative analysis will be made on the legal nature of the rights included in khiyar al-nakd. It will examine how those who legitimize this right explain it legally and will include some explanations about its legal nature that we have not encountered in other sources. Since the Hanafi jurists have done more work on khiyar al-nakd and have analyzed it in more detail, the subject will generally be discussed through Hanafi sources, but occasionally Hanbalī sources will also be included. First, some basic concepts will be introduced, which will be compared below. Then, it will be emphasized that khiyar al-nakd is a part of khiyar al-shart. Since the provisions of khiyar al-nakd are generally taken from khiyar al-shart, the legal nature of khiyar al-nakd will be tried to be revealed by making use of the studies on khiyar al-shart. Then, it will be mentioned that khiyar al-nakd is a right, and that it is a talikī condition when it is stipulated for the seller and a taqyidī condition when it is stipulated for the buyer. Then, a comparison will be made between khiyar al-nakd and sale with repurchase condition, which some jurists consider to be a derivative of it. Since some jurists who do not legitimize khiyar al-nakd compare it with the ikāla contract, its comparison with the ikāla contract will also be made. Finally, the contract of sale with reservation of ownership, which is very similar to khiyar al-nakd in Turkish law in terms of its purposes, will be examined and the differences between it and khiyar al-nakd will be revealed.

 Khiyar al-nakd is one of the few retention rights stipulated in contracts in Islamic Law. It is generally applied in sales contracts, and when it is stipulated on behalf of the buyer, it gives the seller the right to terminate the contract if the price is not paid within a certain period of time. In this form, it is known as lex commissoria in Roman law. When it is stipulated on behalf of the seller, it allows the seller to take back his goods by returning the price within a certain period of time. In this form, it is known as pactum de retroemendo in Roman law and as the right of repurchase in Turkish law. Since this right of retention creates an uncertainty as to whether the contract will continue or not and suspends the emergence of the provisions of the contract, it should essentially vitiate the contract. However, the Hanafī and Hanbalī jurists have said that it is legitimate in istihsan based on the evidence of khiyar al-shart. Khiyar al-shart gives the person an arbitrary right to terminate the contract because he stipulated it in the contract. In the case of cash, on the other hand, termination occurs because the buyer does not pay the price for the goods he has purchased. For this reason, khiyar al-nakd is more legitimate than khiyar al-shart. Just as khiyar al-shart is legitimized by istihsan because it gives the seller the opportunity to reflect on the contract, khiyar al-nakd is legitimized because it allows the seller to see whether he will be able to get what he has sold or not. However, the Mālikī and Hanbalī jurists have expressed a negative opinion on khiyar al-nakd. Because, according to them, there is no need for it when there is a conditional one. In addition, it is not supported by reliable evidence. In this study, a comparative analysis will be made on the legal nature of the rights included in khiyar al-nakd. It will examine how those who legitimize this right explain it legally and will include some explanations about its legal nature that we have not encountered in other sources. Since the Hanafi jurists have done more work on khiyar al-nakd and have analyzed it in more detail, the subject will generally be discussed through Hanafi sources, but occasionally Hanbalī sources will also be included. First, some basic concepts will be introduced, which will be compared below. Then, it will be emphasized that khiyar al-nakd is a part of khiyar al-shart. Since the provisions of khiyar al-nakd are generally taken from khiyar al-shart, the legal nature of khiyar al-nakd will be tried to be revealed by making use of the studies on khiyar al-shart. Then, it will be mentioned that khiyar al-nakd is a right, and that it is a talikī condition when it is stipulated for the seller and a taqyidī condition when it is stipulated for the buyer. Then, a comparison will be made between khiyar al-nakd and sale with repurchase condition, which some jurists consider to be a derivative of it. Since some jurists who do not legitimize khiyar al-nakd compare it with the ikāla contract, its comparison with the ikāla contract will also be made. Finally, the contract of sale with reservation of ownership, which is very similar to khiyar al-nakd in Turkish law in terms of its purposes, will be examined and the differences between it and khiyar al-nakd will be revealed.

 Nakit muhayyerliği İslam Hukukunda sözleşmelerde şart koşularak elde edilen birkaç muhayyerlikten biridir. Genelde satış sözleşmesinde uygulama alanı bulan bu muhayyerlik, alıcı adına şart koşulduğunda belirli süre içinde semenin ödenmemesi halinde satıcıya fesih hakkı verir. Bu şekliyle Roma hukukunda lex commissoria ismiyle yer alır. Satıcı adına şart koşulduğunda ise satıcıya aldığı semeni belirli süre içinde iade ederek malını geri alma imkânı sağlar. Bu şekliyle de Roma hukukunda pactum de retroemendo, Türk hukukunda ise geri alım hakkı olarak yer alır. Bu muhayyerlik sözleşmenin devam edip etmeyeceğine dair bir bilinmezlik meydana getirdiği ve sözleşme hükümlerinin doğmasını askıya aldığı için esasen sözleşmeyi ifsat etmelidir. Fakat Hanefî ve Hanbelî fakihler onun şart muhayyerliğinin delaletiyle istihsanen meşru olduğunu söylemişlerdir. Şart muhayyerliği kişiye sözleşmede şart koştuğu için keyfi bir fesih hakkı vermektedir. Nakit muhayyerliğinde ise alıcı aldığı malın semenini ödemediği için fesih gerçekleşmektedir. Bu sebeple nakit muhayyerliği şart muhayyerliğine nazaran evleviyetle meşru olmuştur. Şart muhayyerliğinin sözleşme üzerine düşünme fırsatı verdiği için istihsanen meşru görülmesi gibi nakit muhayyerliği de satıcının sattığı malın karşılığını alıp alamayacağını görebilmesi için meşru görülmüştür. Fakat nakit muhayyerliği hususunda Mâlikî ve Hanbelî fakihler olumsuz görüş belirtmişlerdir. Çünkü onlara göre şart muhayyerliği varken bu muhayyerliğe gerek yoktur. Ayrıca bu muhayyerlik güvenilir nakli delillerle de desteklenmemektedir. Bu çalışmada nakit muhayyerliği kapsamına dahil hakların hukuki niteliğine dair mukayeseli bir inceleme yapılacaktır. Bu hakkı meşru görenlerin onu hukuken nasıl açıkladıkları ele alınacak ve onun hukuki niteliği ile ilgili diğer kaynaklarda daha önce rastlamadığımız bazı açıklamalara yer verilecektir. Hanefî fakihler nakit muhayyerliği konusunda daha fazla çalışma yaptıkları ve bu muhayyerliği daha ayrıntılı şekilde inceledikleri için konu genelde Hanefî kaynakları üzerinden işlenecek fakat yer yer Hanbelî kaynaklarına da yer verilecektir. Konu işlenirken öncelikle aşağıda mukayesesi yapılacak bazı temel kavramların tanıtımı yapılacaktır. Daha sonra ise nakit muhayyerliğinin şart muhayyerliğinin bir feri olduğu üzerinde durulacaktır. Nakit muhayyerliğinin hükümleri genelde şart muhayyerliğinden alındığı için şart muhayyerliği üzerine yapılan incelemelerden de faydalanılarak nakit muhayyerliğinin hukuki niteliği ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır. Sonrasında nakit muhayyerliğinin yarı aynî haklardan hakkut-temellük olması ve satıcı için şart koşulduğunda talikî, alıcı için şart koşulduğunda ise takyidî bir şart olmasından bahsedilecektir. Daha sonra nakit muhayyerliğinin bazı fakihlerin onun bir feri olarak gördükleri vefâen satışla mukayesesi yapılacaktır. Nakit muhayyerliğini meşru görmeyen bazı fakihler onu ikâle sözleşmesiyle kıyas ettikleri için onun ikâle sözleşmesiyle mukayesesi de yapılacaktır. Son olarak da Türk hukukunda yer alıp amaçları bakımından nakit muhayyerliği ile çok benzeyen mülkiyeti saklı tutma kaydıyla satış sözleşmesi incelenecek ve nakit muhayyerliği ile arasındaki farklar ortaya konacaktır.

Makale detayları

A Comparative Analysis on the Legal Nature of “Khiyar al-Nakd”

Yazarlar:

Fatih Avcı

Yayıncı:

Süleyman Demirel University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Issue 50, pp.158-184

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294855

pISSN:

2602-2346

İslâmic Law

Option

Khiyar al-Nakd

Repurchase Right

Condition.: İslâm Hukuku

Muhayyerlik

Nakit Muhayyerliği

Geri Alım Hakkı

Şart.

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Fatih Avcı

Yayıncı: Süleyman Demirel University

Ana Başlıklar: Din Araştırmaları

Dergi: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Issue 50, pp.158-184

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001294855

pISSN: 2602-2346

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Fatih Avcı

Yayıncı:

Süleyman Demirel University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Issue 50, pp.158-184

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294855

pISSN:

2602-2346