DEVELOPMENT OF SCALE OF INTENTION TO CONTINUE SPORTS: VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY BASED ON ITEM RESPONSE THEORY AND CLASSICAL TEST THEORY

Burhan Özkurt; Yasin Altın; Ersin Eskiler; Hüseyin Fatih Küçükibiş

Makale detayları

DEVELOPMENT OF SCALE OF INTENTION TO CONTINUE SPORTS: VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY BASED ON ITEM RESPONSE THEORY AND CLASSICAL TEST THEORY

Yazarlar:

Burhan Özkurt | Yasin Altın | Ersin Eskiler | Hüseyin Fatih Küçükibiş

Yayıncı:

Ankara University

Ana Başlıklar:

Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)

Dergi:

SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 2, pp.26-48

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001351525

pISSN:

1304-284X

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale to determine the intentions to continue sports of individuals engaged in both licensed and recreational sports to continue their participation. In the preliminary phase, a pool of 16 items was created by reviewing the literature and relevant scales on the intention to continue sports. This item pool was subsequently presented to four field experts holding doctoral degrees. Based on the feedback received, the pool was reduced to 11 items, resulting in a draft version of the scale. The format of the scale was determined as a 5-point Likert scale, with responses ranging from 1 to 5. The draft form was then applied to a small group of 30 individuals with characteristics similar to the target population, serving as a pilot study. Following the pilot study, the scale was administered to 627 athletes Xage  20.427.86 from various sports branches, both licensed and recreational, and exploratory analyses were conducted to examine the dimensionality of the measurement tool. Outliers were detected at a rate of 1.92, leading to the exclusion of 12 observations, and exploratory factor analysis EFA was performed on 615 observations, revealing a one-dimensional structure consisting of six items. As with the exploratory phase, the final six-item form was administered to 550 athletes Xage  20.367.95 with similar characteristics to the target population, and 28 observations were excluded due to outliers 5. Confirmatory studies based on Classical Test Theory CTT were conducted with 522 observations, and the structure was confirmed. The goodness-of-fit indices indicated a high level of model-data fit χ2df  3.04, RMSEA  .06, RMR  .004, SRMR  .004, CFI  .99, NFI  .99, NNFI TLI  .99, GFI  .99, AGFI  .96, RFI  .99, and IFI  .99. Measurement invariance was tested in subgroups of licensed and recreational athletes, and scalar invariance was achieved. Evidence for convergent validity was obtained, indicating that the items were consistent with one another and related to the underlying factor. Additionally, the relationship between the intention to continue sports and the enjoyment variable, which has been shown in the literature to have a moderate and positive correlation with the intention to continue, was examined in a group of 107 athletes with similar characteristics, providing evidence for criterion validity r  .59, p  .001. To assess the reliability of the scale, internal consistency coefficients were calculated from a single administration, and the results demonstrated that the scale was highly reliable α  .98, ω  .99, Hoyts variance analysis  .98, Split-Half Reliability Coefficient  .98. Furthermore, test-retest reliability was assessed with 42 observations having similar characteristics, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was found to be high ICCA, 2 .92 .85  ICC  .958. Confirmatory studies based on the Graded Response Model GRM, an Item Response Theory IRT model, were subsequently conducted. The fit indices from the IRT analysis indicated a high level of model-data fit C2  33.44, df  9, RMSEA  .071, SRMR  .01, TLI  .99, CFI  .99. Additionally, item discrimination and item difficulty parameters were calculated, and graphical analyses were conducted at both the item and total score levels. The scale was found to be highly discriminative for individuals in the theta range of -2.5 to 1, and the 5-point Likert scale was deemed appropriate for the structure. Based on theta levels and standard errors, the empirical reliability coefficient was calculated, showing that the scale was highly reliable. The findings based on both CTT and IRT provided psychometric evidence of the validity and reliability of the scale, confirming that it is a suitable tool for measuring the intention to continue sports participation.

 This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale to determine the intentions to continue sports of individuals engaged in both licensed and recreational sports to continue their participation. In the preliminary phase, a pool of 16 items was created by reviewing the literature and relevant scales on the intention to continue sports. This item pool was subsequently presented to four field experts holding doctoral degrees. Based on the feedback received, the pool was reduced to 11 items, resulting in a draft version of the scale. The format of the scale was determined as a 5-point Likert scale, with responses ranging from 1 to 5. The draft form was then applied to a small group of 30 individuals with characteristics similar to the target population, serving as a pilot study. Following the pilot study, the scale was administered to 627 athletes Xage  20.427.86 from various sports branches, both licensed and recreational, and exploratory analyses were conducted to examine the dimensionality of the measurement tool. Outliers were detected at a rate of 1.92, leading to the exclusion of 12 observations, and exploratory factor analysis EFA was performed on 615 observations, revealing a one-dimensional structure consisting of six items. As with the exploratory phase, the final six-item form was administered to 550 athletes Xage  20.367.95 with similar characteristics to the target population, and 28 observations were excluded due to outliers 5. Confirmatory studies based on Classical Test Theory CTT were conducted with 522 observations, and the structure was confirmed. The goodness-of-fit indices indicated a high level of model-data fit χ2df  3.04, RMSEA  .06, RMR  .004, SRMR  .004, CFI  .99, NFI  .99, NNFI TLI  .99, GFI  .99, AGFI  .96, RFI  .99, and IFI  .99. Measurement invariance was tested in subgroups of licensed and recreational athletes, and scalar invariance was achieved. Evidence for convergent validity was obtained, indicating that the items were consistent with one another and related to the underlying factor. Additionally, the relationship between the intention to continue sports and the enjoyment variable, which has been shown in the literature to have a moderate and positive correlation with the intention to continue, was examined in a group of 107 athletes with similar characteristics, providing evidence for criterion validity r  .59, p  .001. To assess the reliability of the scale, internal consistency coefficients were calculated from a single administration, and the results demonstrated that the scale was highly reliable α  .98, ω  .99, Hoyts variance analysis  .98, Split-Half Reliability Coefficient  .98. Furthermore, test-retest reliability was assessed with 42 observations having similar characteristics, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was found to be high ICCA, 2 .92 .85  ICC  .958. Confirmatory studies based on the Graded Response Model GRM, an Item Response Theory IRT model, were subsequently conducted. The fit indices from the IRT analysis indicated a high level of model-data fit C2  33.44, df  9, RMSEA  .071, SRMR  .01, TLI  .99, CFI  .99. Additionally, item discrimination and item difficulty parameters were calculated, and graphical analyses were conducted at both the item and total score levels. The scale was found to be highly discriminative for individuals in the theta range of -2.5 to 1, and the 5-point Likert scale was deemed appropriate for the structure. Based on theta levels and standard errors, the empirical reliability coefficient was calculated, showing that the scale was highly reliable. The findings based on both CTT and IRT provided psychometric evidence of the validity and reliability of the scale, confirming that it is a suitable tool for measuring the intention to continue sports participation.

 This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale to determine the intentions to continue sports of individuals engaged in both licensed and recreational sports to continue their participation. In the preliminary phase, a pool of 16 items was created by reviewing the literature and relevant scales on the intention to continue sports. This item pool was subsequently presented to four field experts holding doctoral degrees. Based on the feedback received, the pool was reduced to 11 items, resulting in a draft version of the scale. The format of the scale was determined as a 5-point Likert scale, with responses ranging from 1 to 5. The draft form was then applied to a small group of 30 individuals with characteristics similar to the target population, serving as a pilot study. Following the pilot study, the scale was administered to 627 athletes Xage  20.427.86 from various sports branches, both licensed and recreational, and exploratory analyses were conducted to examine the dimensionality of the measurement tool. Outliers were detected at a rate of 1.92, leading to the exclusion of 12 observations, and exploratory factor analysis EFA was performed on 615 observations, revealing a one-dimensional structure consisting of six items. As with the exploratory phase, the final six-item form was administered to 550 athletes Xage  20.367.95 with similar characteristics to the target population, and 28 observations were excluded due to outliers 5. Confirmatory studies based on Classical Test Theory CTT were conducted with 522 observations, and the structure was confirmed. The goodness-of-fit indices indicated a high level of model-data fit χ2df  3.04, RMSEA  .06, RMR  .004, SRMR  .004, CFI  .99, NFI  .99, NNFI TLI  .99, GFI  .99, AGFI  .96, RFI  .99, and IFI  .99. Measurement invariance was tested in subgroups of licensed and recreational athletes, and scalar invariance was achieved. Evidence for convergent validity was obtained, indicating that the items were consistent with one another and related to the underlying factor. Additionally, the relationship between the intention to continue sports and the enjoyment variable, which has been shown in the literature to have a moderate and positive correlation with the intention to continue, was examined in a group of 107 athletes with similar characteristics, providing evidence for criterion validity r  .59, p  .001. To assess the reliability of the scale, internal consistency coefficients were calculated from a single administration, and the results demonstrated that the scale was highly reliable α  .98, ω  .99, Hoyts variance analysis  .98, Split-Half Reliability Coefficient  .98. Furthermore, test-retest reliability was assessed with 42 observations having similar characteristics, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was found to be high ICCA, 2 .92 .85  ICC  .958. Confirmatory studies based on the Graded Response Model GRM, an Item Response Theory IRT model, were subsequently conducted. The fit indices from the IRT analysis indicated a high level of model-data fit C2  33.44, df  9, RMSEA  .071, SRMR  .01, TLI  .99, CFI  .99. Additionally, item discrimination and item difficulty parameters were calculated, and graphical analyses were conducted at both the item and total score levels. The scale was found to be highly discriminative for individuals in the theta range of -2.5 to 1, and the 5-point Likert scale was deemed appropriate for the structure. Based on theta levels and standard errors, the empirical reliability coefficient was calculated, showing that the scale was highly reliable. The findings based on both CTT and IRT provided psychometric evidence of the validity and reliability of the scale, confirming that it is a suitable tool for measuring the intention to continue sports participation.

 Bu araştırmada, lisanslı ve rekreatif amaçlı spor yapan bireylerin spora devam etme niyetlerini belirlemeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracının geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ön çalışmada, alan yazın ve devam etme niyetine ilişkin ölçekler incelenerek hazırlanan 16 maddelik havuz, doktora mezunu dört alan uzmanının görüşüne sunulmuştur. Uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda madde havuzu 11 maddeye düşürülmüş ve taslak form oluşturulmuştur. Ölçek formatı, Likert tipi ölçek olarak belirlenmiş ve 1-5 arasında puanlanan 5li Likert tipi derecelendirme ile ölçeklendirilmiştir. Taslak form hedef kitleye benzer özellikleri taşıyan 30 kişilik küçük bir gruba uygulanmış ve pilot uygulama gerçekleştirilmiştir. Pilot uygulama sonrasında lisanslı ve rekreatif amaçlı çeşitli branşlarda spor yapan 627 sporcuya Xyaş  20.427.86 uygulanmış ve ölçme aracının boyut yapısına ilişkin keşfedici çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. 1.92 oranında uç değer tespit edilerek 12 gözlem analiz dışı bırakılmış ve 615 gözlem ile Temel Bileşenler Analizi TBA ile altı maddeden oluşan tek boyutlu yapı ortaya konmuştur. Keşfedici çalışmada olduğu gibi hedef kitleye uygun 550 sporcuya Xyaş  20.367.95 altı maddelik nihai form uygulanmıştır ve 5 oranında uç değer tespit edilerek 28 gözlem analiz dışı bırakılmıştır. 522 gözlem ile Klasik Test Kuramına KTK dayalı doğrulayıcı çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiş ve yapı doğrulanmıştır. Modelin uyum iyiliği indeksleri yüksek düzeyde model-veri uyumunun sağlandığını göstermiştir χ2  sd  3.04, RMSEA  .06, RMR  .004, SRMR  .004, CFI  .99, NFI  .99, NNFITLI  .99, GFI  .99, AGFI  .96, RFI  .99 ve IFI  .99. Lisanslı ve rekreatif sporcu alt gruplarında ölçme değişmezliği test edilmiş ve ölçüm modelinin skalar değişmezliğe ulaştığı gözlenmiştir. Ölçeğin yakınsak geçerliğine ilişkin kanıtlar sağlanmış ve ölçeği oluşturan maddelerin birbiriyle uyumlu ve faktörle ilişkili olduğu gözlenmiştir. Spora devam etme niyeti yapısının literatürde orta düzeyde pozitif yönlü ilişkili olduğu kanıtlanmış keyif alma değişkeni ile ilişkisi benzer özelliklere sahip 107 bireyden oluşan sporcu grubunda incelenmiş ve ölçüt geçerliği için kanıt sağlanmıştır r  .59 ve p  .001. Ölçeğin güvenirliğini tespit etmek için tek uygulamaya dayalı iç tutarlılık katsayıları hesaplanmıştır ve çok yüksek düzeyde güvenilir olduğu gözlenmiştir α  .98, ω  .99, Hoytun varyans analizi  .98, İki Yarı Güvenirlik Katsayısı  .98. Ek olarak çoklu uygulamaya dayalı test  tekrar test yöntemi ile benzer özelliklere sahip 42 gözlemden elde edilen verilerle sınıf içi korelasyon katsayısı hesaplanmış ve yüksek düzeyde güvenilir olduğu gözlenmiştir ICCA, 2 .92 .85  ICC  .958. Daha sonra Madde Tepki Kuramına MTK dayalı Kademeli Tepki Modeli ile doğrulayıcı çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. MTKya dayalı uyum iyiliği indeksleri yüksek düzeyde model-veri uyumunun sağlandığını göstermiştir C2  33.44, sd  9, RMSEA  .071, SRMR  .01, TLI  .99, CFI  .99. Ayrıca madde ayırt edicilik ve madde güçlük parametreleri hesaplanmış, madde düzeyinde ve toplam puan düzeyinde grafiksel incelemeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçeğin -2.5 ile 1 theta aralığındaki bireyler için yüksek düzeyde ayırt edici olduğu, 5li Likert tipi derecelendirmenin yapı için uygun olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Theta düzeyi ve standart hatalarına dayalı olarak ölçeğin görgül güvenirlik katsayısı hesaplanmış ve yüksek düzeyde güvenilir olduğu gözlenmiştir. KTK ve MTKya dayalı olarak elde edilen bulgular sonucunda ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirliğine ilişkin psikometrik kanıtlar sağlanmış geçerli-güvenilir bir araç olarak kullanımının uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Makale detayları

DEVELOPMENT OF SCALE OF INTENTION TO CONTINUE SPORTS: VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY BASED ON ITEM RESPONSE THEORY AND CLASSICAL TEST THEORY

Yazarlar:

Burhan Özkurt | Yasin Altın | Ersin Eskiler | Hüseyin Fatih Küçükibiş

Yayıncı:

Ankara University

Ana Başlıklar:

Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)

Dergi:

SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 2, pp.26-48

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001351525

pISSN:

1304-284X

Sports;

intention to continue sports;

scale development; item response theory (IRT); classical test theory (CTT)Spor;

devam etme niyeti;

ölçek geliştirme;

madde tepki kuramı;

klasik test kuramı

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Burhan Özkurt | Yasin Altın | Ersin Eskiler | Hüseyin Fatih Küçükibiş

Yayıncı: Ankara University

Ana Başlıklar: Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)

Dergi: SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 2, pp.26-48

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001351525

pISSN: 1304-284X

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Burhan Özkurt | Yasin Altın | Ersin Eskiler | Hüseyin Fatih Küçükibiş

Yayıncı:

Ankara University

Ana Başlıklar:

Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)

Dergi:

SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Vol.23 Issue 2, pp.26-48

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001351525

pISSN:

1304-284X