Penkalas Hoards from Aizanoi

Hüseyin Köker

Makale detayları

Penkalas Hoards from Aizanoi

Yazarlar:

Hüseyin Köker

Yayıncı:

Mersin University

Ana Başlıklar:

Archaeological Science | Numismatics

Dergi:

OLBA Vol.32 Issue XXXIII, pp.217-237

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

8/2024

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001315171

pISSN:

1301-7667

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 This study presents the initial evaluations and observations of the hoards unearthed during the 2019 excavation season at Aizanoi, called Penkalas I and Penkalas II. Penkalas I includes denarii and cistophori from both the Roman Republican and Imperial periods, whereas Penkalas II solely contains Roman Republican and Imperial cistophori. Penkalas I is comprised of 651 coins 435 of which are denarii and 216 are cistophori. Of the coins in the hoard, 295 denarii and 42 cistophori were minted during the Republican period, with 141 denarii and 174 cistophori from the Imperial period. The hoard dated between 7675 - 76 BC. Penkalas II features only 10 cistophori, with 1 belonging to Marcus Antonius and the remaining 9 to Augustus, all minted between 39 BC and 1918 BC. Apart from the Penkalas I hoard, another hoard of similar content is the Halikarnassos hoard of denarii and cistophori from the late 2nd-1st century BC, discovered in 1975. These two hoards are of significant importance in comprehending the scale of the circulation of Roman Republican denarii within the Provincia Asia, which has long been debated. In this context, the Penkalas I hoard is a significant find that has contributed to the discussion on Roman intervention in the coinage system in Asia Minor and the circulation of Roman Republican denarii in this region. Moreover, it is crucial in demonstrating the continued importance of cistophori in the Augustan period. Roman currency was fully established in the coinage system of Asia Minor during the second half of the 1st century BC. This coinciding with the spread of Civil War struggles to Asia Minor and other parts of Anatolia, in addition to the Roman military presence there. Furthermore, this establishment took place during the period in which Augustus assumed sole responsibility for Roman administration. The Halikarnassos hoard, the Penkalas I hoard and the denarii findings from various excavations, as well as the denarii in mu- seum collections although their provenance is uncertain, they can at least be statistically evaluated, strengthen the idea that Roman republican coinage was established and that the denarius became the primary silver currency in the area, especially from the 40s BC onwards.

 This study presents the initial evaluations and observations of the hoards unearthed during the 2019 excavation season at Aizanoi, called Penkalas I and Penkalas II. Penkalas I includes denarii and cistophori from both the Roman Republican and Imperial periods, whereas Penkalas II solely contains Roman Republican and Imperial cistophori. Penkalas I is comprised of 651 coins 435 of which are denarii and 216 are cistophori. Of the coins in the hoard, 295 denarii and 42 cistophori were minted during the Republican period, with 141 denarii and 174 cistophori from the Imperial period. The hoard dated between 7675 - 76 BC. Penkalas II features only 10 cistophori, with 1 belonging to Marcus Antonius and the remaining 9 to Augustus, all minted between 39 BC and 1918 BC. Apart from the Penkalas I hoard, another hoard of similar content is the Halikarnassos hoard of denarii and cistophori from the late 2nd-1st century BC, discovered in 1975. These two hoards are of significant importance in comprehending the scale of the circulation of Roman Republican denarii within the Provincia Asia, which has long been debated. In this context, the Penkalas I hoard is a significant find that has contributed to the discussion on Roman intervention in the coinage system in Asia Minor and the circulation of Roman Republican denarii in this region. Moreover, it is crucial in demonstrating the continued importance of cistophori in the Augustan period. Roman currency was fully established in the coinage system of Asia Minor during the second half of the 1st century BC. This coinciding with the spread of Civil War struggles to Asia Minor and other parts of Anatolia, in addition to the Roman military presence there. Furthermore, this establishment took place during the period in which Augustus assumed sole responsibility for Roman administration. The Halikarnassos hoard, the Penkalas I hoard and the denarii findings from various excavations, as well as the denarii in mu- seum collections although their provenance is uncertain, they can at least be statistically evaluated, strengthen the idea that Roman republican coinage was established and that the denarius became the primary silver currency in the area, especially from the 40s BC onwards.

 This study presents the initial evaluations and observations of the hoards unearthed during the 2019 excavation season at Aizanoi, called Penkalas I and Penkalas II. Penkalas I includes denarii and cistophori from both the Roman Republican and Imperial periods, whereas Penkalas II solely contains Roman Republican and Imperial cistophori. Penkalas I is comprised of 651 coins 435 of which are denarii and 216 are cistophori. Of the coins in the hoard, 295 denarii and 42 cistophori were minted during the Republican period, with 141 denarii and 174 cistophori from the Imperial period. The hoard dated between 7675 - 76 BC. Penkalas II features only 10 cistophori, with 1 belonging to Marcus Antonius and the remaining 9 to Augustus, all minted between 39 BC and 1918 BC. Apart from the Penkalas I hoard, another hoard of similar content is the Halikarnassos hoard of denarii and cistophori from the late 2nd-1st century BC, discovered in 1975. These two hoards are of significant importance in comprehending the scale of the circulation of Roman Republican denarii within the Provincia Asia, which has long been debated. In this context, the Penkalas I hoard is a significant find that has contributed to the discussion on Roman intervention in the coinage system in Asia Minor and the circulation of Roman Republican denarii in this region. Moreover, it is crucial in demonstrating the continued importance of cistophori in the Augustan period. Roman currency was fully established in the coinage system of Asia Minor during the second half of the 1st century BC. This coinciding with the spread of Civil War struggles to Asia Minor and other parts of Anatolia, in addition to the Roman military presence there. Furthermore, this establishment took place during the period in which Augustus assumed sole responsibility for Roman administration. The Halikarnassos hoard, the Penkalas I hoard and the denarii findings from various excavations, as well as the denarii in mu- seum collections although their provenance is uncertain, they can at least be statistically evaluated, strengthen the idea that Roman republican coinage was established and that the denarius became the primary silver currency in the area, especially from the 40s BC onwards.

 Bu çalışma, Aizanoida yürütülen 2019 yılı kazı sezonunda ele geçen, Penkalas I ve Penkalas II olarak adlandırılan definelere ilişkin ilk gözlem ve değerlendirmeleri sunmaktadır. Definelerden ilki olan Penkalas I, Roma Cumhuriyet ve İmparatorluk Dönemlerine ait denarius ve kistophorları içermekteyken ikinci define olan Penkalas II ise sadece Roma Cumhuriyet ve İmparatoluk Dönemleri kistophorlarını içermektedir. İlk define MÖ 7675- 76 yılları arasına tarihlenirken, ikinci define MÖ 39-1918 yılları arasına tarihlenmektedir. Penkalas I, toplam 651 adet sikkeden oluşmaktadır ve bunların 435 adedi denarius, 216 adedi de kistophor birimli sikkelerdir. Bunlardan 295 adet denarius ile 42 adet kistophor Cumhuriyet Dönemine tarihlenirken, 141 adet denarius ile 174 adet kistophor da İmparatorluk Dönemine tarihlenmektedir. Cumhuriyet denariusları üzerinde sikke basımından sorumlu toplam 54 farklı magistrat ismi taşırken, imparatorluk denariuslarında ise 10 farklı magistrat ismi taşımaktadır. Penkalas II, 10 adet kistophordan oluşmaktadır, ki bunlardan 1 adedi Marcus Antonius ve geriye kalan 9 adedi de Augustus adına darp olunmuşlardır. Penkalas I Definesi dışında, benzer içeriğe sahip olan bir başka define MÖ 2. yüzyıl sonu-1 yüzyıl denarius ve kistophorlarından oluşan ve 1975 yılında bulunan Halikarnassos Definesidir. Söz konusu bu iki define, uzunca bir tartışmanın da konusunu oluşturan, özellikle Roma Cumhuriyet denariuslarının Provincia Asia sınırları içerisindeki dolaşımının boyutlarının anlaşılması bağlamında büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, Penkalas I Definesi, Asia Minordaki sikke sistemine Romanın müdahalesi ve dolayısıyla da Roma Cumhuriyet denariuslarının bu topraklarındaki dolaşımına ilişkin tartışmaya yeni bir katkı sunması bir yana, kistophor birimli sikkelerin Augustus döneminde hala önemini koruduğunu göstermesi bakımından oldukça önemli bir buluntu arz etmektedir. Roma para sisteminin MÖ 1. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında, Romanın Asia Minordaki askeri varlığına ek olarak, İç Savaş mücadelelerinin bölgeye ve Anadolunun diğer bölgelerine yayılmasıyla aynı zamana denk gelmektedir, ki esas itibarıyla da Augustusun Roma yönetiminin sorumluluğunu tek başına üstlendiği dönemde tam anlamıyla yerleşmiştir. Asia Minor ve doğusunda kalan Anadolu topraklarında ele geçen Roma Cumhuriyet sikkeleri; yani, buluntu yerlerinin bilinmemesi nedeniyle dolaşımda oldukları coğrafyaya ilişkin herhangi bir değerlendirme yapamamakla birlikte müze koleksiyonlarında yer alan örnekler, kazı buluntuları, Halikarnassos Definesi ve nihayet Aizanoida gün yüzüne çıkarılan Penkalas I Definesi de bu durumu desteklemektedir.

Makale detayları

Penkalas Hoards from Aizanoi

Yazarlar:

Hüseyin Köker

Yayıncı:

Mersin University

Ana Başlıklar:

Archaeological Science | Numismatics

Dergi:

OLBA Vol.32 Issue XXXIII, pp.217-237

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

8/2024

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001315171

pISSN:

1301-7667

Aizanoi

Penkalas

Denarius

Cistophori

Asia Minor

Coin Hoard

Circulation

Civil Wars.Aizanoi

Penkalas

Denarius

Kistophor

Asia Minor

Sikke Definesi.

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Hüseyin Köker

Yayıncı: Mersin University

Ana Başlıklar: Archaeological Science | Numismatics

Dergi: OLBA Vol.32 Issue XXXIII, pp.217-237

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 8/2024

Belge Dili: İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.): 2001315171

pISSN: 1301-7667

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Hüseyin Köker

Yayıncı:

Mersin University

Ana Başlıklar:

Archaeological Science | Numismatics

Dergi:

OLBA Vol.32 Issue XXXIII, pp.217-237

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

8/2024

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001315171

pISSN:

1301-7667