The Alliances SystemAs Means of Domination of the Ottoman Empire

Erdal Çetintaş

Makale detayları

The Alliances SystemAs Means of Domination of the Ottoman Empire

Yazarlar:

Erdal Çetintaş

Yayıncı:

Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Yakınçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Dergi:

Külliye Vol.5 Issue 1, pp.169-184

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

3/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001305375

pISSN:

2717-7351

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 In the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire clearly had entered into a period of dissolution. In parallel to the dissolution, it faced great threats rising from Europe and experienced military defeats after defeats. The vast territories and the nations which once upon were source of prosperity, turned into a serious burden. Its own military and economic powers were not enough to overcome these problems. After an unexpected development, the French invasion of Egypt in 1798, it begun to apply the alliances policy in other words, the balance of power policy in order to maintain its territorial integrity. In 1799, the Ottoman Empire reacted to the French invasion by making alliances with Britain and Russia. Until the collapse it tried to use this policy especially relying on Britain. On the other hand, the British government, appreciated the importance of the Ottoman Empire, had begun its 19th century policy of preserving the Ottoman territorial integrity against rival states especially traditional enemy Russia. However, the alliances the Sublime Porte acted were not ordinary agreements. Because, the partners in the alliances were the states which had own great interests on the Ottoman Empire. Moreover, the Sublime Porte had to give important economic and political privileges in return for gaining support. So, in a short period, the alliances turned into an effective instrument in the hands of the European Powers in order to control and exploit the Ottoman Empire. Every foreign support made the empire dependent on European Powers and damaged its economic and political sovereignty. In this study, we are trying to examine this relationship with examples from the 19th century Ottoman history.

 In the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire clearly had entered into a period of dissolution. In parallel to the dissolution, it faced great threats rising from Europe and experienced military defeats after defeats. The vast territories and the nations which once upon were source of prosperity, turned into a serious burden. Its own military and economic powers were not enough to overcome these problems. After an unexpected development, the French invasion of Egypt in 1798, it begun to apply the alliances policy in other words, the balance of power policy in order to maintain its territorial integrity. In 1799, the Ottoman Empire reacted to the French invasion by making alliances with Britain and Russia. Until the collapse it tried to use this policy especially relying on Britain. On the other hand, the British government, appreciated the importance of the Ottoman Empire, had begun its 19th century policy of preserving the Ottoman territorial integrity against rival states especially traditional enemy Russia. However, the alliances the Sublime Porte acted were not ordinary agreements. Because, the partners in the alliances were the states which had own great interests on the Ottoman Empire. Moreover, the Sublime Porte had to give important economic and political privileges in return for gaining support. So, in a short period, the alliances turned into an effective instrument in the hands of the European Powers in order to control and exploit the Ottoman Empire. Every foreign support made the empire dependent on European Powers and damaged its economic and political sovereignty. In this study, we are trying to examine this relationship with examples from the 19th century Ottoman history.

 In the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire clearly had entered into a period of dissolution. In parallel to the dissolution, it faced great threats rising from Europe and experienced military defeats after defeats. The vast territories and the nations which once upon were source of prosperity, turned into a serious burden. Its own military and economic powers were not enough to overcome these problems. After an unexpected development, the French invasion of Egypt in 1798, it begun to apply the alliances policy in other words, the balance of power policy in order to maintain its territorial integrity. In 1799, the Ottoman Empire reacted to the French invasion by making alliances with Britain and Russia. Until the collapse it tried to use this policy especially relying on Britain. On the other hand, the British government, appreciated the importance of the Ottoman Empire, had begun its 19th century policy of preserving the Ottoman territorial integrity against rival states especially traditional enemy Russia. However, the alliances the Sublime Porte acted were not ordinary agreements. Because, the partners in the alliances were the states which had own great interests on the Ottoman Empire. Moreover, the Sublime Porte had to give important economic and political privileges in return for gaining support. So, in a short period, the alliances turned into an effective instrument in the hands of the European Powers in order to control and exploit the Ottoman Empire. Every foreign support made the empire dependent on European Powers and damaged its economic and political sovereignty. In this study, we are trying to examine this relationship with examples from the 19th century Ottoman history.

 Osmanlı İmparatorluğu 18. Yüzyılda belirgin bir çözülme sürecine girdi. Çözülmeye paralel olarak Avrupa kaynaklı tehdidin boyutları arttı, ardı ardına askeri yenilgiler yaşanmaya başladı. Bir zamanlar refah kaynağı olmuş geniş topraklar ve milletler ciddi bir yüke dönüştü. Var olan askeri ve ekonomik kaynaklar bütün bunlarla baş edebilecek durumda değildi artık. Kanla kazanılmış toprakları ancak savaşla terk etme anlayışı uygulayan Osmanlı Devleti, buna gücünün yetmediğini anladığı 1798 yılında Fransanın Mısırı işgali üzerine Avrupada tatbik edilmekte olan ittifaklar sistemini, bir başka deyişle devletlerarası denge politikasını benimseyerek toprak bütünlüğünü koruma yoluna gitti. 1799 yılında, tarihinde ilk defa, Çarlık Rusyası ve Britanya ile Fransaya karşı ittifak anlaşmaları yaptı. Ömrünün sonuna kadar da, siyasi vaziyet hangi devleti gerektiriyorsa ki genellikle bu devlet Britanya olacak, bu politikayı uygulamaya çalıştı. Diğer taraftan, Britanya da bölgesel çıkarları için oldukça kıymetli olduğunu fark ettiği Osmanlı Devletinin toprak bütünlüğünü koruma siyasetini başlattı bu ittifak anlaşmasıyla. Lakin Osmanlı Devletinin uygulamaya koyduğu, gerek bu ittifaklar gerekse 19. Yüzyılda görülecek olan ittifaklar normal sayılabilecek anlaşmalar değildi. Zira Babıalinin ittifak yaptığı devletler kendi üzerinde siyasi emelleri olan devletlerdi. Ayrıca, ittifak anlaşmaları karşılıklı mütekabiliyet esasına dayanan değil, temin edilen desteğe karşılık ekonomik ve siyasi ödünlerin verilmek zorunda kalındığı anlaşmalar oldu. Çok geçmeden de söz konusu ittifaklar Osmanlı Devletini bilhassa siyasi ve ekonomik açıdan kontrol etmenin ve yön vermenin en etkili enstrümanı haline geldi. Her dış yardım Osmanlının siyasi ve ekonomik bağımsızlığını erozyona uğratırken, bağımlılığını daha da pekiştirdi. Bu bahisle, bu çalışma da çözülmeyi durdurmak için yapılan ittifakların Osmanlı Devletinin çözülmesinde ve parçalanmasında kontrollü ve yönetilen bir sürecin öznesi olduğunu örneklerle ortaya koymaya çalışılacaktır.

Makale detayları

The Alliances SystemAs Means of Domination of the Ottoman Empire

Yazarlar:

Erdal Çetintaş

Yayıncı:

Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Yakınçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Dergi:

Külliye Vol.5 Issue 1, pp.169-184

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

3/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001305375

pISSN:

2717-7351

The Alliances System

Ottoman Empire

Struggle for Influenceİttifaklar Sistemi

Osmanlı Devleti

Nüfuz Mücadelesi

Sayı

Makale detayları

The Alliances SystemAs Means of Domination of the Ottoman Empire

Yazarlar: Erdal Çetintaş

Yayıncı: Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University

Ana Başlıklar: Yakınçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Dergi: Külliye Vol.5 Issue 1, pp.169-184

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 3/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001305375

pISSN: 2717-7351

The Alliances System

Ottoman Empire

Struggle for Influenceİttifaklar Sistemi

Osmanlı Devleti

Nüfuz Mücadelesi

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Erdal Çetintaş

Yayıncı:

Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Yakınçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Dergi:

Külliye Vol.5 Issue 1, pp.169-184

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

3/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001305375

pISSN:

2717-7351