Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān As a Historian and Analysis of History-Themed Poems in His Dīvān

Mücahit Yüksel

Makale detayları

Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān As a Historian and Analysis of History-Themed Poems in His Dīvān

Yazarlar:

Mücahit Yüksel

Yayıncı:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi

Dergi:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 2, pp.442-464

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001307889

pISSN:

2717-610X

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Poetry has occupied an important place in Arab society since the Jāhiliyya. Arabs used poetry as a tool of political struggle as well as expressing their feelings. As a matter of fact, in a social environment where inter-tribal competition was common, poets were an important propaganda element for their own tribes. Poetry, which maintained this importance for a long time, did not lose much of its value during the Golden Age, the Caliphate of Rashidun, the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the following periods. Poetry and the poet have always been in demand by administrators due to their importance. While some administrators were personally interested in poetry, some kept poets close to them, and some were interested in poetry and in contact with poets. Poetry is also an important source of historical science. Poems sung for propaganda purposes in political struggles, attached to letters in correspondence, and sung to express emotions in social life give important clues about the socio-cultural and political characteristics of the periods. Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān d. 60680 is an important figure who founded the Umayyad State, which is considered one of the turning points in Islamic history. In this context, his struggle with ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib d. 40661 and his sons to become caliph and his policy against his opponents to preserve his caliphate are important. Muʿāwiyas poems, who was also poet, provide important data about the periods political, social and psychological characteristics, as he was a personal witness of the events and even one of their important heroes. For this reason, the analysis of history-themed poems in Muʿāwiyas Dīvān is of great importance. At this point, it should be stated about the reliability of the Dīvān that the Dīvān in question was not compiled and turned into a book by Muʿāwiya himself. Muʿāwiyas poems, which he recited on various occasions throughout his life, but mostly dealt with political themes, are included in various Islamic history and literature books. Among these poems compiled in a book by Fārūq Aslīm b. Ahmad, this article has been put forward by excluding those doubtful to belong to Muʿāwiya and by selecting examples from similar poems, considering the volume of our work. Readings of Islamic history are generally made through political history, and the socio-psychological dimension is often neglected. However, many socio-psychological data, seen as details, can greatly contribute to a more accurate understanding of events. Poems, as a source of history, are an area that should not be neglected in filling this gap. Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyāns poems show that although he also wrote poems about issues related to daily life, he devoted most of his attention to politics. Considering his poems before and after the caliphate gives the reader a holistic and orderly perspective. In this context, his pre-caliphate poems generally aimed to attract people who remained neutral in the political struggle to his side and to persuade or silence rival people. In this context, the poems he wrote to his interlocutors about the demand for ʿUthmān b. ʿAffāns d. 61680 blood after his murder is remarkable. His poems after the caliphate include responding to his rivals in the context of consolidating the administration he achieved, revealing his management style, and an accounting of himself at the time of his death.

 Poetry has occupied an important place in Arab society since the Jāhiliyya. Arabs used poetry as a tool of political struggle as well as expressing their feelings. As a matter of fact, in a social environment where inter-tribal competition was common, poets were an important propaganda element for their own tribes. Poetry, which maintained this importance for a long time, did not lose much of its value during the Golden Age, the Caliphate of Rashidun, the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the following periods. Poetry and the poet have always been in demand by administrators due to their importance. While some administrators were personally interested in poetry, some kept poets close to them, and some were interested in poetry and in contact with poets. Poetry is also an important source of historical science. Poems sung for propaganda purposes in political struggles, attached to letters in correspondence, and sung to express emotions in social life give important clues about the socio-cultural and political characteristics of the periods. Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān d. 60680 is an important figure who founded the Umayyad State, which is considered one of the turning points in Islamic history. In this context, his struggle with ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib d. 40661 and his sons to become caliph and his policy against his opponents to preserve his caliphate are important. Muʿāwiyas poems, who was also poet, provide important data about the periods political, social and psychological characteristics, as he was a personal witness of the events and even one of their important heroes. For this reason, the analysis of history-themed poems in Muʿāwiyas Dīvān is of great importance. At this point, it should be stated about the reliability of the Dīvān that the Dīvān in question was not compiled and turned into a book by Muʿāwiya himself. Muʿāwiyas poems, which he recited on various occasions throughout his life, but mostly dealt with political themes, are included in various Islamic history and literature books. Among these poems compiled in a book by Fārūq Aslīm b. Ahmad, this article has been put forward by excluding those doubtful to belong to Muʿāwiya and by selecting examples from similar poems, considering the volume of our work. Readings of Islamic history are generally made through political history, and the socio-psychological dimension is often neglected. However, many socio-psychological data, seen as details, can greatly contribute to a more accurate understanding of events. Poems, as a source of history, are an area that should not be neglected in filling this gap. Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyāns poems show that although he also wrote poems about issues related to daily life, he devoted most of his attention to politics. Considering his poems before and after the caliphate gives the reader a holistic and orderly perspective. In this context, his pre-caliphate poems generally aimed to attract people who remained neutral in the political struggle to his side and to persuade or silence rival people. In this context, the poems he wrote to his interlocutors about the demand for ʿUthmān b. ʿAffāns d. 61680 blood after his murder is remarkable. His poems after the caliphate include responding to his rivals in the context of consolidating the administration he achieved, revealing his management style, and an accounting of himself at the time of his death.

 Poetry has occupied an important place in Arab society since the Jāhiliyya. Arabs used poetry as a tool of political struggle as well as expressing their feelings. As a matter of fact, in a social environment where inter-tribal competition was common, poets were an important propaganda element for their own tribes. Poetry, which maintained this importance for a long time, did not lose much of its value during the Golden Age, the Caliphate of Rashidun, the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the following periods. Poetry and the poet have always been in demand by administrators due to their importance. While some administrators were personally interested in poetry, some kept poets close to them, and some were interested in poetry and in contact with poets. Poetry is also an important source of historical science. Poems sung for propaganda purposes in political struggles, attached to letters in correspondence, and sung to express emotions in social life give important clues about the socio-cultural and political characteristics of the periods. Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān d. 60680 is an important figure who founded the Umayyad State, which is considered one of the turning points in Islamic history. In this context, his struggle with ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib d. 40661 and his sons to become caliph and his policy against his opponents to preserve his caliphate are important. Muʿāwiyas poems, who was also poet, provide important data about the periods political, social and psychological characteristics, as he was a personal witness of the events and even one of their important heroes. For this reason, the analysis of history-themed poems in Muʿāwiyas Dīvān is of great importance. At this point, it should be stated about the reliability of the Dīvān that the Dīvān in question was not compiled and turned into a book by Muʿāwiya himself. Muʿāwiyas poems, which he recited on various occasions throughout his life, but mostly dealt with political themes, are included in various Islamic history and literature books. Among these poems compiled in a book by Fārūq Aslīm b. Ahmad, this article has been put forward by excluding those doubtful to belong to Muʿāwiya and by selecting examples from similar poems, considering the volume of our work. Readings of Islamic history are generally made through political history, and the socio-psychological dimension is often neglected. However, many socio-psychological data, seen as details, can greatly contribute to a more accurate understanding of events. Poems, as a source of history, are an area that should not be neglected in filling this gap. Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyāns poems show that although he also wrote poems about issues related to daily life, he devoted most of his attention to politics. Considering his poems before and after the caliphate gives the reader a holistic and orderly perspective. In this context, his pre-caliphate poems generally aimed to attract people who remained neutral in the political struggle to his side and to persuade or silence rival people. In this context, the poems he wrote to his interlocutors about the demand for ʿUthmān b. ʿAffāns d. 61680 blood after his murder is remarkable. His poems after the caliphate include responding to his rivals in the context of consolidating the administration he achieved, revealing his management style, and an accounting of himself at the time of his death.

 Şiir, Câhiliye Döneminden itibaren Arap toplumunda önemli bir yer işgal etmiştir. Araplar şiiri, duygularını ifade etmenin yanı sıra siyasî mücadele aracı olarak da kullanmışlardır. Nitekim kabileler arası rekabetin yaygın olduğu bir sosyal ortamda şairler kendi kabileleri için önemli bir propaganda unsuruydular. Bu önemini uzun süre devam ettiren şiir, Asr-ı Saâdet, Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn, Emevîler, Abbâsîler ve ilerleyen dönemlerde de değerinden pek bir şey kaybetmemiştir. Şiir ve şair söz konusu önemi sebebiyle yöneticiler tarafından daima rağbet görmüştür. Kimi yöneticiler kendileri bizzat şiirle ilgilenirken kimileri şairleri kendisine yakın tutmuş kimi de hem şiirle ilgilenmiş hem de şairlerle irtibat halinde olmuştur. Şiir, tarih ilmi için de önemli bir kaynaktır. Nitekim hem siyasî mücadelelerde propaganda amacıyla söylenen hem yazışmalarda mektupların altına iliştirilen hem de sosyal hayatın içinde duyguları ifade etmek için söylenen şiirler, dönemlerin sosyo-kültürel ve siyasî özellikleri hakkında önemli ipuçları vermektedir. Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân ö. 60680, İslâm tarihi açısından dönüm noktalarından biri olarak kabul edilen Emevî Devletinin kurucusu önemli bir simadır. Bu bağlamda onun halife olmak için Ali b. Ebû Tâlib ö. 40661 ve onun evlatlarıyla yaşadığı mücadele ve hilafetini muhafaza etmek için muhaliflerine karşı yürüttüğü siyaset büyük önem arz etmektedir. Aynı zamanda şairlik yönü de bulunan Muâviyenin şiirleri, olayların bizzat tanığı hatta önemli kahramanlarından biri olması sebebiyle dönemin siyasî, sosyal ve psikolojik özelliklerine dair önemli veriler sunmaktadır. Bu sebeple Muâviyenin Dîvânındaki tarih temalı şiirlerin tahlili büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu noktada Dîvânın mevsûkiyeti hakkında şunu ifade etmek gerekir ki; söz konusu Dîvân, bizzat Muâviye tarafından derlenip bir kitap haline getirilmemiştir. Muâviyenin hayatı boyunca çeşitli vesilelerle söylemiş olduğu ama ekseriyetinde siyasî temanın işlendiği şiirleri çeşitli İslâm tarihi ve edebiyat kitaplarında geçmektedir. Fârûk Eslîm b. Ahmed tarafından bir kitap hâlinde derlenen bu şiirlerden Muâviyeye ait olduğu şüpheli olanlar dışarıda tutularak ve çalışmamızın hacmi de dikkate alınmak suretiyle benzer şiirlerden örnekler seçilerek bu makale ortaya konmuştur. İslâm tarihi okumaları genellikle siyasî tarih üzerinden yapılmakta ve çoğu zaman sosyo-psikolojik boyut ihmal edilmektedir. Hâlbuki teferruat olarak görülen birçok sosyo-psikolojik veri olayların daha doğru anlaşılmasında büyük katkılar sağlayabilmektedir. Tarihin bir kaynağı olarak şiirler bu eksiği giderme noktasında ihmal edilmemesi gereken bir alandır. Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyânın şiirleri incelendiği takdirde onun güncel hayata dair konularla ilgili şiirler de yazmakla birlikte ilgisini büyük ölçekte siyasî içerikli şiirlere ayırdığı görülmektedir. Onun şiirlerini, halifelik öncesi ve halifelik sonrası şeklinde ele almak okuyucuya bütüncül ve düzenli bir bakış tarzı kazandırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda onun halifelik öncesi şiirleri genellikle yürüttüğü siyasî mücadelede tarafsız kalan kişileri kendi tarafına çekmeye ve rakip durumdaki kişileri de ikna etmeye ya da susturmaya dönüktür. Bu bağlamda Osman b. Affânın 61680 katledilmesinin ardından onun kanının talebi konusunda muhataplarına yazdığı şiirler dikkat çekicidir. Halifelik sonrası şiirleri ise elde ettiği yönetimi sağlamlaştırma bağlamında rakiplerine karşı cevap verme, yönetim tarzını ortaya koyma ve vefat anında bir nefis muhasebesi içeriklidir.

Makale detayları

Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān As a Historian and Analysis of History-Themed Poems in His Dīvān

Yazarlar:

Mücahit Yüksel

Yayıncı:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi

Dergi:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 2, pp.442-464

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001307889

pISSN:

2717-610X

Islamic History

Umayyads

Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān

Poem

History.İslâm Tarihi

Emevîler

Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân

Şiir

Tarih.

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Mücahit Yüksel

Yayıncı: Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Tarihi

Dergi: Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 2, pp.442-464

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 12/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001307889

pISSN: 2717-610X

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Mücahit Yüksel

Yayıncı:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi

Dergi:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 2, pp.442-464

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001307889

pISSN:

2717-610X