Factors Influencing the Criticism Directed at Ibn Taymiyyah

Hasan Kaya

Makale detayları

Factors Influencing the Criticism Directed at Ibn Taymiyyah

Yazarlar:

Hasan Kaya

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Mezhepleri

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 1, pp.227-250

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350425

pISSN:

2528-9861

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The critiques of Ibn Taymiyyah regarding philosophy, kalam, and mysticism tasawwuf, as well as Shiism, Jahmiyyah, Mutazilah, and Ashari sects, have been the subject of various studies. The absence of a methodological study on the criticisms directed at him has led us to examine the sources, justifications, and factors that shaped these refutations. This research focuses on the justifications for the criticisms directed at Ibn Taymiyyah and the factors influencing them, through the refutation literature that emerged in the century following his death. Although most of the refutations during this period were written by followers of the Shafii Ashari tradition, there were also contributions from Hanafi and Maliki scholars to the refutation literature. Notable figures from the Shafii Ashari tradition include Ibn al-Muallim al-Qurashi, Ibn al-Zamalkani, Shahab al-Din Ibn Jabl, Taqi al-Din al-Subki, Baha al-Din al-Ihmimi, and Taqi al-Din al-Hisni. Among these, only Taqi al-Din al-Hisni passed away at the beginning of the 9th15th century, while the rest of these scholars died in the 8th14th century. In this study, the criticisms directed at Ibn Taymiyyah during the Mamluk period, up to the first quarter of the 9th15th century, are analyzed in order to determine why the rebuttals emerged. One of the main reasons for the emergence of the refutation literature was Ibn Taymiyyahs methodological criticisms of kalam scholars such as Abul-Hasan al-Ashari, Abul-Maali al-Juwayni, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, and Abu Hamid al-Ghazali. The bigotry of Ibn Taymiyyahs followers and the criticisms and accusations made by his opponents fed into one another, which led to the phenomenon of Ibn Taymiyyahism and opposition to him arising at an early stage. The Hanbali approach to interpretation tawil and kalam was shaped around the tradition of condemnation of kalam. Although at certain periods this understanding manifested as the adoption of the kalam method, opposition to kalam remained the dominant view within the school. The use of kalam as a methodology was the reason for the existence of Ashariism, yet the Mamluk era tolerated Ashariism as long as it preserved its belief system. However, the Shafii Ashari scholars of the period, in order to defend the Ashari grandees against the rising Hanbali movement led by Ibn Taymiyyah, had to defend the legitimacy of kalam as a science. The differences between the Ashari and Hanbali mystical traditions and their approaches to the scientific nature of kalam formed another component of the division. While critiquing one another, both sides found it necessary to refer to their respective sectarian and cultural heritage. Ibn Taymiyyahs views and fatwas on matters such as visiting graves, intercession tawassul, seeking divine aid istighatha, divorce talaq, the divine attributes sifat, and the divine speech kalamullah, which led to his prosecution and various forms of punishment, culminating in his death in prison, highlight the social and political dimensions of the issue. Particularly, Records indicating that the Sufis complaints about Ibn Taymiyyah to the authorities led to him being subjected to various punishments are of great importance in this context.

 The critiques of Ibn Taymiyyah regarding philosophy, kalam, and mysticism tasawwuf, as well as Shiism, Jahmiyyah, Mutazilah, and Ashari sects, have been the subject of various studies. The absence of a methodological study on the criticisms directed at him has led us to examine the sources, justifications, and factors that shaped these refutations. This research focuses on the justifications for the criticisms directed at Ibn Taymiyyah and the factors influencing them, through the refutation literature that emerged in the century following his death. Although most of the refutations during this period were written by followers of the Shafii Ashari tradition, there were also contributions from Hanafi and Maliki scholars to the refutation literature. Notable figures from the Shafii Ashari tradition include Ibn al-Muallim al-Qurashi, Ibn al-Zamalkani, Shahab al-Din Ibn Jabl, Taqi al-Din al-Subki, Baha al-Din al-Ihmimi, and Taqi al-Din al-Hisni. Among these, only Taqi al-Din al-Hisni passed away at the beginning of the 9th15th century, while the rest of these scholars died in the 8th14th century. In this study, the criticisms directed at Ibn Taymiyyah during the Mamluk period, up to the first quarter of the 9th15th century, are analyzed in order to determine why the rebuttals emerged. One of the main reasons for the emergence of the refutation literature was Ibn Taymiyyahs methodological criticisms of kalam scholars such as Abul-Hasan al-Ashari, Abul-Maali al-Juwayni, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, and Abu Hamid al-Ghazali. The bigotry of Ibn Taymiyyahs followers and the criticisms and accusations made by his opponents fed into one another, which led to the phenomenon of Ibn Taymiyyahism and opposition to him arising at an early stage. The Hanbali approach to interpretation tawil and kalam was shaped around the tradition of condemnation of kalam. Although at certain periods this understanding manifested as the adoption of the kalam method, opposition to kalam remained the dominant view within the school. The use of kalam as a methodology was the reason for the existence of Ashariism, yet the Mamluk era tolerated Ashariism as long as it preserved its belief system. However, the Shafii Ashari scholars of the period, in order to defend the Ashari grandees against the rising Hanbali movement led by Ibn Taymiyyah, had to defend the legitimacy of kalam as a science. The differences between the Ashari and Hanbali mystical traditions and their approaches to the scientific nature of kalam formed another component of the division. While critiquing one another, both sides found it necessary to refer to their respective sectarian and cultural heritage. Ibn Taymiyyahs views and fatwas on matters such as visiting graves, intercession tawassul, seeking divine aid istighatha, divorce talaq, the divine attributes sifat, and the divine speech kalamullah, which led to his prosecution and various forms of punishment, culminating in his death in prison, highlight the social and political dimensions of the issue. Particularly, Records indicating that the Sufis complaints about Ibn Taymiyyah to the authorities led to him being subjected to various punishments are of great importance in this context.

 The critiques of Ibn Taymiyyah regarding philosophy, kalam, and mysticism tasawwuf, as well as Shiism, Jahmiyyah, Mutazilah, and Ashari sects, have been the subject of various studies. The absence of a methodological study on the criticisms directed at him has led us to examine the sources, justifications, and factors that shaped these refutations. This research focuses on the justifications for the criticisms directed at Ibn Taymiyyah and the factors influencing them, through the refutation literature that emerged in the century following his death. Although most of the refutations during this period were written by followers of the Shafii Ashari tradition, there were also contributions from Hanafi and Maliki scholars to the refutation literature. Notable figures from the Shafii Ashari tradition include Ibn al-Muallim al-Qurashi, Ibn al-Zamalkani, Shahab al-Din Ibn Jabl, Taqi al-Din al-Subki, Baha al-Din al-Ihmimi, and Taqi al-Din al-Hisni. Among these, only Taqi al-Din al-Hisni passed away at the beginning of the 9th15th century, while the rest of these scholars died in the 8th14th century. In this study, the criticisms directed at Ibn Taymiyyah during the Mamluk period, up to the first quarter of the 9th15th century, are analyzed in order to determine why the rebuttals emerged. One of the main reasons for the emergence of the refutation literature was Ibn Taymiyyahs methodological criticisms of kalam scholars such as Abul-Hasan al-Ashari, Abul-Maali al-Juwayni, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, and Abu Hamid al-Ghazali. The bigotry of Ibn Taymiyyahs followers and the criticisms and accusations made by his opponents fed into one another, which led to the phenomenon of Ibn Taymiyyahism and opposition to him arising at an early stage. The Hanbali approach to interpretation tawil and kalam was shaped around the tradition of condemnation of kalam. Although at certain periods this understanding manifested as the adoption of the kalam method, opposition to kalam remained the dominant view within the school. The use of kalam as a methodology was the reason for the existence of Ashariism, yet the Mamluk era tolerated Ashariism as long as it preserved its belief system. However, the Shafii Ashari scholars of the period, in order to defend the Ashari grandees against the rising Hanbali movement led by Ibn Taymiyyah, had to defend the legitimacy of kalam as a science. The differences between the Ashari and Hanbali mystical traditions and their approaches to the scientific nature of kalam formed another component of the division. While critiquing one another, both sides found it necessary to refer to their respective sectarian and cultural heritage. Ibn Taymiyyahs views and fatwas on matters such as visiting graves, intercession tawassul, seeking divine aid istighatha, divorce talaq, the divine attributes sifat, and the divine speech kalamullah, which led to his prosecution and various forms of punishment, culminating in his death in prison, highlight the social and political dimensions of the issue. Particularly, Records indicating that the Sufis complaints about Ibn Taymiyyah to the authorities led to him being subjected to various punishments are of great importance in this context.

 Öz: İbn Teymiyyenin felsefe, kelam ve tasavvufa; Şîa, Cehmiyye, Muʻtezile ve Eşʻarî mezheplerine yönelik tenkitleri çeşitli çalışmalara konu olmuştur. Ona yapılan eleştirilere dair metodolojik bir çalışmanın bulunmayışı, bizi reddiyelerin kaynaklarını, gerekçelerini ve buna yön veren faktörleri incelemeye sevk etmiştir. Bu araştırma, İbn Teymiyyenin vefatından sonraki bir asırlık dönemde ortaya çıkan reddiye literatürü üzerinden ona yönelik eleştirilerin gerekçelerine ve bunlara yön veren faktörlere odaklanmıştır. Bahsi geçen süre zarfındaki reddiyelerin çoğu Şâfiî Eşʻarî gelenek mensuplarınca kaleme alınmakla birlikte, Hanefî ve Mâlikîlerden de reddiye edebiyatına katkıda bulunanlar olmuştur. İbnül-Muallim el-Kureşî, İbnüz-Zemlekânî, Şehâbeddin İbn Cehbel, Takıyyüddin es-Sübkî, Bahâeddin el-İhmîmî ve Takıyyüddin el-Hısnî Şâfiî Eşʻarî geleneğe mensubiyetleriyle ön plana çıkmışlardır. Bahsi geçen isimlerden sadece Takıyyüddin el-Hısnî 9.15. asrın başlarında vefat etmiştir. Diğer ulemanın tamamı 8.14. asırda vefat etmişlerdir. Bu araştırmada, Memlükler döneminde 9.15. asrın ilk çeyreğine kadar ortaya çıkan İbn Teymiyyeye yönelik eleştiriler analiz edilerek, reddiyelerin neden ortaya çıktığı saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. İbn Teymiyyenin kelam ilmine ve özelde Ebül-Hasan el-Eşʻarî, Ebül-Meâlî el-Cüveynî, Fahreddin er-Râzî ve Ebû Hâmid el-Gazzâlî gibi Eşʻarî büyüklerine metodik tenkitlerde bulunması, reddiye edebiyatının oluşmasının temel nedenlerindendir. İbn Teymiyyenin ashabının taassubu ve muhaliflerinin ona yönelik tenkit ve ithamları birbirini beslemiş, bunun sonucunda İbn Teymiyyecilik ve İbn Teymiyye muhalifliği olgusu erken sayılabilecek bir dönemde ortaya çıkmıştır. Hanbelîlerin tevile ve kelam ilmine yaklaşımı zemmül-kelâm geleneği etrafında şekillenmiştir. Belirli dönemlerde bu anlayış, kelam yöntemini benimseme şeklinde ortaya çıksa da kelam karşıtlığı, mezhebin hâkim görüşü olarak varlığını sürdürmüştür. Kelam ilmini yöntem olarak kullanmak, Eşʻarîliğin varlık sebebidir, ancak Memlüklerdeki akide Eşʻarîliği, inancı koruduğu sürece ona tolerans göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, dönemin Şâfiî Eşʻarî uleması İbn Teymiyye ile yükselişe geçen Hanbelîliğe karşı Eşʻarî büyüklerini savunmak adına kelam ilminin meşruiyetini müdafaa etmek durumunda kalmışlardır. Eşʻarîler ile Hanbelîlerin tasavvufi geleneklerinin farklılığı ve kelamın ilmi hüviyetine yaklaşımları, ayrışmanın diğer bileşenini oluşturmuştur. Taraflar birbirlerini tenkit ederken bu mezhebî ve kültürel mirasa müracaat etme ihtiyacı duymuşlardır. İbn Teymiyyenin kabir ziyareti, tevessül, istigâse, talâk, haberî sıfatlar ve kelâmullaha dair görüş ve fetvaları nedeniyle muhakeme edilip çeşitli şekillerde cezalandırılması, nihayetinde hapisteyken vefat etmesine kadar giden süreç, meselenin toplumsal ve siyasi boyutlarını ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle mutasavvıfların, İbn Teymiyyeyi yönetime şikâyet etmeleri sonucunda ona çeşitli cezalar verilmesine neden olduklarına dair kayıtlar, bu bağlamda büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Makale detayları

Factors Influencing the Criticism Directed at Ibn Taymiyyah

Yazarlar:

Hasan Kaya

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Mezhepleri

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 1, pp.227-250

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350425

pISSN:

2528-9861

History of Islamic Sects

Mamluk Ash'arism

Hanbalism

Ibn Taymiyyah

Criticism.İslam Mezhepleri Tarihi

Memlük Eşʻarîliği

Hanbelîlik

İbn Teymiyye

Eleştiri

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Hasan Kaya

Yayıncı: Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Mezhepleri

Dergi: Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 1, pp.227-250

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001350425

pISSN: 2528-9861

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Hasan Kaya

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Mezhepleri

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 1, pp.227-250

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350425

pISSN:

2528-9861