Perceptions of Discrimination among Turkish Citizens Living in Europe: A Case Study in Switzerland and France

Abdullah Tanrıverdi; Mustafa Ulu

Makale detayları

Perceptions of Discrimination among Turkish Citizens Living in Europe: A Case Study in Switzerland and France

Yazarlar:

Abdullah Tanrıverdi | Mustafa Ulu

Yayıncı:

Erciyes University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Psikolojisi

Dergi:

Bilimname Issue 53, pp.131-197

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

4/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001345900

pISSN:

1304-1878

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 This study addresses the fundamental problem of the discrimination perceptions of Turkish-origin people living in Switzerland and France and their relationship with religion. To examine this problem, the sample was selected from France, which is stated to have prominent discriminatory attitudes among Western European countries, and Switzerland, which is said to have a more democratic social structure, to make a comparison. In this context, the effects of the religious affiliation and origin identities of the people in question on their perceptions of discrimination are investigated. A comparison is made between the perceptions of immigrants living in the two countries. In this context, research and observation activities were carried out in Switzerland for 1 year with the support of TÜBİTAK. Since the study aimed to reach richer content by conducting in-depth interviews, qualitative research methods and phenomenological research design were used. To get richer data content aligned with the research objectives, maximum diversity sampling, snowballchain sampling strategies, and sub-strategies of the purposeful sampling method were used. Semi-structured interview forms were used to collect data in the study. In this context, interviews were conducted with selected individuals in line with the sampling strategies determined in the study. Interviews were continued until the necessary data richness was considered to be provided. The interviewees were informed that they would be recorded with a voice recorder and that their identities would not be disclosed in any way. They were requested to review the interview form before the interview. Anonymous names were given to the interviewees to protect confidentiality. In this context, interviews were conducted with 55 individuals from different social strata, 30 of whom were from France 17 men, 13 women and 25 from Switzerland 17 men, 8 women. The obtained data was coded using the MAXQDA 24 package program, and content analysis was performed. As a result, it was understood that almost all of the interviewees had a perception of discrimination. The perceptions in question are discussed regarding business life, neighbor and friendship relations, education, and media. As the interviewees put it, a distinct experience of discrimination can be evident, especially regarding living and working conditions and wages. At this point, in addition to the problems of finding a house and a job due to being a foreigner, a disadvantageous situation can also arise in terms of working conditions and wages in the jobs found. In terms of relationships, while better dialogue is established with some neighbors, the opposite may be true with others. At this point, it is impossible to talk about uniformity among neighbors of French or Swiss origin or different people living there. According to the interviewees, people with lower income levels may exhibit prejudiced attitudes towards foreigners for various reasons, such as jealousy and anger. There is an intense sense of discrimination among the participants regarding education. They state that they are directed to jobs where they can work as less qualified personnel because they are foreigners. It is understood that even though they are at a much higher level of success, their teachers see them as unsuccessful and that it is inappropriate for them to receive higher education. In addition, it is stated that local students with lower academic success than them are approached more constructively and are encouraged to continue their education in different areas of higher education. A significant number of the interviewees reveal that their Muslim identity is effective in their encountering reactions such as exclusion and separation.

 This study addresses the fundamental problem of the discrimination perceptions of Turkish-origin people living in Switzerland and France and their relationship with religion. To examine this problem, the sample was selected from France, which is stated to have prominent discriminatory attitudes among Western European countries, and Switzerland, which is said to have a more democratic social structure, to make a comparison. In this context, the effects of the religious affiliation and origin identities of the people in question on their perceptions of discrimination are investigated. A comparison is made between the perceptions of immigrants living in the two countries. In this context, research and observation activities were carried out in Switzerland for 1 year with the support of TÜBİTAK. Since the study aimed to reach richer content by conducting in-depth interviews, qualitative research methods and phenomenological research design were used. To get richer data content aligned with the research objectives, maximum diversity sampling, snowballchain sampling strategies, and sub-strategies of the purposeful sampling method were used. Semi-structured interview forms were used to collect data in the study. In this context, interviews were conducted with selected individuals in line with the sampling strategies determined in the study. Interviews were continued until the necessary data richness was considered to be provided. The interviewees were informed that they would be recorded with a voice recorder and that their identities would not be disclosed in any way. They were requested to review the interview form before the interview. Anonymous names were given to the interviewees to protect confidentiality. In this context, interviews were conducted with 55 individuals from different social strata, 30 of whom were from France 17 men, 13 women and 25 from Switzerland 17 men, 8 women. The obtained data was coded using the MAXQDA 24 package program, and content analysis was performed. As a result, it was understood that almost all of the interviewees had a perception of discrimination. The perceptions in question are discussed regarding business life, neighbor and friendship relations, education, and media. As the interviewees put it, a distinct experience of discrimination can be evident, especially regarding living and working conditions and wages. At this point, in addition to the problems of finding a house and a job due to being a foreigner, a disadvantageous situation can also arise in terms of working conditions and wages in the jobs found. In terms of relationships, while better dialogue is established with some neighbors, the opposite may be true with others. At this point, it is impossible to talk about uniformity among neighbors of French or Swiss origin or different people living there. According to the interviewees, people with lower income levels may exhibit prejudiced attitudes towards foreigners for various reasons, such as jealousy and anger. There is an intense sense of discrimination among the participants regarding education. They state that they are directed to jobs where they can work as less qualified personnel because they are foreigners. It is understood that even though they are at a much higher level of success, their teachers see them as unsuccessful and that it is inappropriate for them to receive higher education. In addition, it is stated that local students with lower academic success than them are approached more constructively and are encouraged to continue their education in different areas of higher education. A significant number of the interviewees reveal that their Muslim identity is effective in their encountering reactions such as exclusion and separation.

 This study addresses the fundamental problem of the discrimination perceptions of Turkish-origin people living in Switzerland and France and their relationship with religion. To examine this problem, the sample was selected from France, which is stated to have prominent discriminatory attitudes among Western European countries, and Switzerland, which is said to have a more democratic social structure, to make a comparison. In this context, the effects of the religious affiliation and origin identities of the people in question on their perceptions of discrimination are investigated. A comparison is made between the perceptions of immigrants living in the two countries. In this context, research and observation activities were carried out in Switzerland for 1 year with the support of TÜBİTAK. Since the study aimed to reach richer content by conducting in-depth interviews, qualitative research methods and phenomenological research design were used. To get richer data content aligned with the research objectives, maximum diversity sampling, snowballchain sampling strategies, and sub-strategies of the purposeful sampling method were used. Semi-structured interview forms were used to collect data in the study. In this context, interviews were conducted with selected individuals in line with the sampling strategies determined in the study. Interviews were continued until the necessary data richness was considered to be provided. The interviewees were informed that they would be recorded with a voice recorder and that their identities would not be disclosed in any way. They were requested to review the interview form before the interview. Anonymous names were given to the interviewees to protect confidentiality. In this context, interviews were conducted with 55 individuals from different social strata, 30 of whom were from France 17 men, 13 women and 25 from Switzerland 17 men, 8 women. The obtained data was coded using the MAXQDA 24 package program, and content analysis was performed. As a result, it was understood that almost all of the interviewees had a perception of discrimination. The perceptions in question are discussed regarding business life, neighbor and friendship relations, education, and media. As the interviewees put it, a distinct experience of discrimination can be evident, especially regarding living and working conditions and wages. At this point, in addition to the problems of finding a house and a job due to being a foreigner, a disadvantageous situation can also arise in terms of working conditions and wages in the jobs found. In terms of relationships, while better dialogue is established with some neighbors, the opposite may be true with others. At this point, it is impossible to talk about uniformity among neighbors of French or Swiss origin or different people living there. According to the interviewees, people with lower income levels may exhibit prejudiced attitudes towards foreigners for various reasons, such as jealousy and anger. There is an intense sense of discrimination among the participants regarding education. They state that they are directed to jobs where they can work as less qualified personnel because they are foreigners. It is understood that even though they are at a much higher level of success, their teachers see them as unsuccessful and that it is inappropriate for them to receive higher education. In addition, it is stated that local students with lower academic success than them are approached more constructively and are encouraged to continue their education in different areas of higher education. A significant number of the interviewees reveal that their Muslim identity is effective in their encountering reactions such as exclusion and separation.

 Bu çalışmada, İsviçre ve Fransada yaşayan Türk vatandaşlarının etnik köken ve Müslüman kimliklerine sahip olmalarının ayrımcılık algılarına etkisi temel problem olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu problemin incelenebilmesi amacıyla çalışma grubu, kıyaslama yapılabilmesi için Batı Avrupa ülkeleri içerisinde ayrımcı tutumların öne çıktığı Fransa ve daha demokratik bir toplum yapısı olduğu düşünülen İsviçreden seçilmiştir. Bu bağlamda söz konusu kişilerin dini aidiyet ve köken kimliklerinin ayrımcılık algılarına etkileri araştırılmaktadır. Konu hakkında ismi geçen iki ülkede yaşayan göçmenlerin algıları arasında mukayese yapılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bir yıl süre ile İsviçrede TÜBİTAK desteğiyle araştırma ve katılımlı gözlem faaliyetlerinde bulunulmuştur. Çalışmada derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılarak daha zengin bir içeriğe ulaşılması amaçlandığından nitel araştırma yöntemi ve fenomenolojik araştırma deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırma amaçları doğrultusunda daha zengin veri içeriğine ulaşmak için amaçlı örneklem yönteminin alt stratejilerinden olan maksimum çeşitlilik örneklemesi ve kartopuzincir örneklemesi stratejilerinden istifade edilmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplanırken yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşme formları kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda araştırmada belirlenen örneklem stratejileri doğrultusunda seçilen kişilerle mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gerekli veri zenginliği sağlandığı düşünülene dek görüşmeler devam ettirilmiştir. Görüşmecilere ses kayıt cihazıyla kayıt yapılacağı ve kimlik bilgilerinin hiçbir şekilde açığa çıkarılmayacağı beyan edilmiştir. Mülakat öncesinde görüşme formunu incelemeleri talep edilmiştir. Gizliliğin korunması adına görüşmecilere anonim isimler verilmiştir. Bu kapsamda farklı sosyal tabakalardan 30u Fransa 17 erkek 13 kadın, 25i İsviçre 17 erkek 8 kadın, olmak üzere 55 kişi ile görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ulaşılan veriler MAXQDA 24 paket programı ile kodlanmış ve içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuçta görüşmecilerde genel anlamda ayrımcılık algısı olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Söz konusu algılar ise iş hayatı, komşu ve arkadaşlık ilişkileri, eğitim, medya boyutları üzerinden tartışılmaktadır. Bahsi geçen boyutlarda başörtüsü ve dini pratiklere yönelik olumsuz tavrın ciddi boyutlara varabildiği görülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, iş bulma konusunda isim ve dış görünüşün ciddi dezavantajlar oluşturabildiği, komşu ve arkadaş ilişkilerinin duruma göre değişkenlik arz ettiği, eğitim hayatında güçlü ayrımcılık tecrübeleri görüldüğü, medyanın İslam dinine yönelik önyargılı davranışlarının önemli dayanaklarından olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Netice olarak ise İsviçredeki katılımcılarda daha düşük düzeyde görülmekle birlikte her iki ülkedeki görüşmecilerin de ayrımcılık algıladıkları bulgulanmıştır.

Makale detayları

Perceptions of Discrimination among Turkish Citizens Living in Europe: A Case Study in Switzerland and France

Yazarlar:

Abdullah Tanrıverdi | Mustafa Ulu

Yayıncı:

Erciyes University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Psikolojisi

Dergi:

Bilimname Issue 53, pp.131-197

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

4/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001345900

pISSN:

1304-1878

Psychology of Religion

Discrimination

Prejudice

Europe

TurkDin Psikolojisi

Ayrımcılık

Önyargı

Avrupa

Türk

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Abdullah Tanrıverdi | Mustafa Ulu

Yayıncı: Erciyes University

Ana Başlıklar: Din Psikolojisi

Dergi: Bilimname Issue 53, pp.131-197

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 4/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001345900

pISSN: 1304-1878

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Abdullah Tanrıverdi | Mustafa Ulu

Yayıncı:

Erciyes University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Psikolojisi

Dergi:

Bilimname Issue 53, pp.131-197

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

4/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001345900

pISSN:

1304-1878