Is Gender Effective in Income Distribution? An Analysis Specific to Türkiye

Arınç Boz

Makale detayları

Is Gender Effective in Income Distribution? An Analysis Specific to Türkiye

Yazarlar:

Arınç Boz

Yayıncı:

Hacettepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

Maliye Politikası | Kamu Ekonomisi - Vergilendirme ve Gelir | Kamu Politikası

Dergi:

Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.43 Issue 2, pp.249-275

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001351415

pISSN:

1301-8752

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The issue of income distribution remains a topic on which no academic consensus has been reached, particularly due to its various dimensions. One such dimension is gender, which serves as the starting point for this research. This study investigates whether the issue of income distribution, as discussed in the literature, is related to gender. Statistical studies on gender often rely on household-level data. However, analyzing income distribution between genders requires individual-level data. This research examines the gender dimension of income distribution in Türkiye between 2002 and 2022, based on data from the Household Budget Surveys published by TURKSTAT. Using microdata from these surveys, the average disposable incomes and Gini coefficients of men and women were calculated. In addition to these calculations, the gender distribution of individuals employed in managerial positions was also analyzed. According to the microdata analysis, between 2002 and 2022, men earned, on average, 108 more annually than women, and 90 more in real terms. The Gini coefficient was 0.417 for men and 0.514 for women, indicating a significant difference in income distribution between genders. Furthermore, only 1 in 10 individuals working in managerial positions was a woman. Men in these roles earned, on average, 185 more than their female counterparts, and 161 more in real terms. In light of these findings, policymakers can take several actions to address gender-based income inequality. These include establishing a legal framework to combat gender discrimination, implementing policies to encourage womens participation in the workforce, increasing the number of maternity and postnatal leave days, enhancing the value of womens labor through targeted transfer policies, and developing gender-responsive budget policies.

 The issue of income distribution remains a topic on which no academic consensus has been reached, particularly due to its various dimensions. One such dimension is gender, which serves as the starting point for this research. This study investigates whether the issue of income distribution, as discussed in the literature, is related to gender. Statistical studies on gender often rely on household-level data. However, analyzing income distribution between genders requires individual-level data. This research examines the gender dimension of income distribution in Türkiye between 2002 and 2022, based on data from the Household Budget Surveys published by TURKSTAT. Using microdata from these surveys, the average disposable incomes and Gini coefficients of men and women were calculated. In addition to these calculations, the gender distribution of individuals employed in managerial positions was also analyzed. According to the microdata analysis, between 2002 and 2022, men earned, on average, 108 more annually than women, and 90 more in real terms. The Gini coefficient was 0.417 for men and 0.514 for women, indicating a significant difference in income distribution between genders. Furthermore, only 1 in 10 individuals working in managerial positions was a woman. Men in these roles earned, on average, 185 more than their female counterparts, and 161 more in real terms. In light of these findings, policymakers can take several actions to address gender-based income inequality. These include establishing a legal framework to combat gender discrimination, implementing policies to encourage womens participation in the workforce, increasing the number of maternity and postnatal leave days, enhancing the value of womens labor through targeted transfer policies, and developing gender-responsive budget policies.

 The issue of income distribution remains a topic on which no academic consensus has been reached, particularly due to its various dimensions. One such dimension is gender, which serves as the starting point for this research. This study investigates whether the issue of income distribution, as discussed in the literature, is related to gender. Statistical studies on gender often rely on household-level data. However, analyzing income distribution between genders requires individual-level data. This research examines the gender dimension of income distribution in Türkiye between 2002 and 2022, based on data from the Household Budget Surveys published by TURKSTAT. Using microdata from these surveys, the average disposable incomes and Gini coefficients of men and women were calculated. In addition to these calculations, the gender distribution of individuals employed in managerial positions was also analyzed. According to the microdata analysis, between 2002 and 2022, men earned, on average, 108 more annually than women, and 90 more in real terms. The Gini coefficient was 0.417 for men and 0.514 for women, indicating a significant difference in income distribution between genders. Furthermore, only 1 in 10 individuals working in managerial positions was a woman. Men in these roles earned, on average, 185 more than their female counterparts, and 161 more in real terms. In light of these findings, policymakers can take several actions to address gender-based income inequality. These include establishing a legal framework to combat gender discrimination, implementing policies to encourage womens participation in the workforce, increasing the number of maternity and postnatal leave days, enhancing the value of womens labor through targeted transfer policies, and developing gender-responsive budget policies.

 Gelir dağılımı konusu çeşitli boyutlarıyla akademide üzerine mutabakata varılamayan bir konudur. Gelir dağılımının boyutlarından biri olan cinsiyetle ilişkisi araştırmanın çıkış noktasıdır. Bu bağlamda, araştırmanın amacı literatürde tartışılagelen gelir dağılımı konusunun cinsiyet ile ilişkili olup olmadığını incelemektir. Cinsiyete yönelik yapılan istatistiki çalışmalarda haneye yönelik veriler ele alınmaktadır. Ancak cinsiyetler arası gelir dağılımı konusu birey bazında verilerle inceleme yapılmasını gerekli kılar. TÜİK tarafından yayımlanan Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketleri ile Türkiyede 2002-2022 arasında gelir dağılımının cinsiyet boyutu ele alınmıştır. Anketlerdeki mikro verilerle kadın ve erkeklerin ortalama kullanılabilir gelirleri ve Gini katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan hesaplamalara ek olarak yönetici pozisyonunda istihdam edilenlerin cinsiyetleri de araştırılmıştır. Mikro veri analizi sonucuna göre 2002 ile 2022 arasında ortalama olarak erkekler kadınlardan yıllık 108, reel olarak ise 90 daha fazla gelir elde etmektedir. Gini katsayılarının erkeklerde 0,417 kadınlarda ise 0,514 olması cinsiyetler içerisindeki gelir dağılımı farklılığını göstermektedir. Yönetici pozisyonlarında çalışan her 10 kişiden sadece 1inin kadın olduğu; yönetici pozisyonlarında çalışan erkeklerin kadınlardan ortalama 185, reel olarak 161 daha fazla kazandığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu bulgular ışığında politik karar alıcılar, cinsiyet ayrımcılığına yönelik hukuksal altyapı oluşturabilir, kadınların iş yaşamına katılmasını teşvik edici politikalar uygulayabilir, kadınların kariyerlerinin önünde engel oluşturabilecek hamilelik ve sonrasında ücretli izin günü sayısını artırabilir, kadınlara yönelik transfer politikalarıyla kadın emeğini daha değerli kılabilir ve bütçe politikalarını cinsiyete duyarlı hâle getirebilir.

Makale detayları

Is Gender Effective in Income Distribution? An Analysis Specific to Türkiye

Yazarlar:

Arınç Boz

Yayıncı:

Hacettepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

Maliye Politikası | Kamu Ekonomisi - Vergilendirme ve Gelir | Kamu Politikası

Dergi:

Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.43 Issue 2, pp.249-275

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001351415

pISSN:

1301-8752

Income Distribution

Gender

Microdata

Türkiye.Gelir Dağılımı

Cinsiyet

Mikro Veri

Türkiye.

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Arınç Boz

Yayıncı: Hacettepe University

Ana Başlıklar: Maliye Politikası | Kamu Ekonomisi - Vergilendirme ve Gelir | Kamu Politikası

Dergi: Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.43 Issue 2, pp.249-275

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001351415

pISSN: 1301-8752

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Arınç Boz

Yayıncı:

Hacettepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

Maliye Politikası | Kamu Ekonomisi - Vergilendirme ve Gelir | Kamu Politikası

Dergi:

Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.43 Issue 2, pp.249-275

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001351415

pISSN:

1301-8752