AN EVALUATION ON THE FORMATION OF REINSURANCE CONTRACTS WITH FOREIGN ELEMENTS IN TURKISH LAW AND CONFLICT OF LAWS ARISING FROM THESE CONTRACTS

Halil Alperen Işık

Makale detayları

AN EVALUATION ON THE FORMATION OF REINSURANCE CONTRACTS WITH FOREIGN ELEMENTS IN TURKISH LAW AND CONFLICT OF LAWS ARISING FROM THESE CONTRACTS

Yazarlar:

Halil Alperen Işık

Yayıncı:

Akdeniz University

Ana Başlıklar:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Dergi:

Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.15 Issue 1, pp.613-648

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

7/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001354629

pISSN:

2147-3854

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Reinsurance contracts are regulated in Turkish law as in many legal systems. In addition to the regulations on the subject in terms of insurance contracts law, many regulations have been adopted in terms of insurance supervision law. Since it is generally accepted that the policyholder is the weaker party vis-à-vis the insurer in insurance contracts, these contracts try to provide maximum protection to the policyholder. On the other hand, reinsurance contracts are generally left to the freedom of will of the parties by the legislators. This is because both parties to reinsurance contracts are insurers. This situation results in the parties being free in terms of choice of law in reinsurance contracts with foreign elements. While this is the case in terms of insurance contract law and choice of law, it would not be wrong to say that relations arising from reinsurance contracts are kept under serious supervision by states since insurance is a regulated and supervised market. This situation is of particular importance in Turkish law, especially with respect to the reinsurance contracts concluded by Turkish insurers with foreign reinsurers. The adoption of different techniques in practice in terms of the formation of reinsurance contracts, the fact that reinsurance creates a contractual relationship that is prone to be foreign-elemented in terms of its legal and economic nature, and the existence of some mandatory and restrictive regulations in this field, which can be taken as a basis for public policy intervention in the sense of private international law or can be considered as overriding mandatory rules, make the issue important. Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to make evaluations on the axis of Turkish law by focusing on the formation of reinsurance contracts with foreign elements, choice of the law applicable to these contracts by the parties, some special clauses accepted as choice of law, situations accepted by the courts as implied choice of law, determination of the applicable law in the absence of choice of law, reinsurance pools, public policy and the effect of overriding mandatory rules on these relations. In addition, some examples in the European Union law and comparative law, as well as the opinions in the doctrine, have also been evaluated in the relevant sections.

 Reinsurance contracts are regulated in Turkish law as in many legal systems. In addition to the regulations on the subject in terms of insurance contracts law, many regulations have been adopted in terms of insurance supervision law. Since it is generally accepted that the policyholder is the weaker party vis-à-vis the insurer in insurance contracts, these contracts try to provide maximum protection to the policyholder. On the other hand, reinsurance contracts are generally left to the freedom of will of the parties by the legislators. This is because both parties to reinsurance contracts are insurers. This situation results in the parties being free in terms of choice of law in reinsurance contracts with foreign elements. While this is the case in terms of insurance contract law and choice of law, it would not be wrong to say that relations arising from reinsurance contracts are kept under serious supervision by states since insurance is a regulated and supervised market. This situation is of particular importance in Turkish law, especially with respect to the reinsurance contracts concluded by Turkish insurers with foreign reinsurers. The adoption of different techniques in practice in terms of the formation of reinsurance contracts, the fact that reinsurance creates a contractual relationship that is prone to be foreign-elemented in terms of its legal and economic nature, and the existence of some mandatory and restrictive regulations in this field, which can be taken as a basis for public policy intervention in the sense of private international law or can be considered as overriding mandatory rules, make the issue important. Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to make evaluations on the axis of Turkish law by focusing on the formation of reinsurance contracts with foreign elements, choice of the law applicable to these contracts by the parties, some special clauses accepted as choice of law, situations accepted by the courts as implied choice of law, determination of the applicable law in the absence of choice of law, reinsurance pools, public policy and the effect of overriding mandatory rules on these relations. In addition, some examples in the European Union law and comparative law, as well as the opinions in the doctrine, have also been evaluated in the relevant sections.

 Reinsurance contracts are regulated in Turkish law as in many legal systems. In addition to the regulations on the subject in terms of insurance contracts law, many regulations have been adopted in terms of insurance supervision law. Since it is generally accepted that the policyholder is the weaker party vis-à-vis the insurer in insurance contracts, these contracts try to provide maximum protection to the policyholder. On the other hand, reinsurance contracts are generally left to the freedom of will of the parties by the legislators. This is because both parties to reinsurance contracts are insurers. This situation results in the parties being free in terms of choice of law in reinsurance contracts with foreign elements. While this is the case in terms of insurance contract law and choice of law, it would not be wrong to say that relations arising from reinsurance contracts are kept under serious supervision by states since insurance is a regulated and supervised market. This situation is of particular importance in Turkish law, especially with respect to the reinsurance contracts concluded by Turkish insurers with foreign reinsurers. The adoption of different techniques in practice in terms of the formation of reinsurance contracts, the fact that reinsurance creates a contractual relationship that is prone to be foreign-elemented in terms of its legal and economic nature, and the existence of some mandatory and restrictive regulations in this field, which can be taken as a basis for public policy intervention in the sense of private international law or can be considered as overriding mandatory rules, make the issue important. Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to make evaluations on the axis of Turkish law by focusing on the formation of reinsurance contracts with foreign elements, choice of the law applicable to these contracts by the parties, some special clauses accepted as choice of law, situations accepted by the courts as implied choice of law, determination of the applicable law in the absence of choice of law, reinsurance pools, public policy and the effect of overriding mandatory rules on these relations. In addition, some examples in the European Union law and comparative law, as well as the opinions in the doctrine, have also been evaluated in the relevant sections.

 Reasürans sözleşmeleri birçok hukuk sisteminde olduğu gibi Türk hukukunda da düzenlenmiştir. Konu hakkında sigorta sözleşmeleri hukuku anlamında düzenlemeler olduğu gibi sigorta denetim hukuku anlamında da birçok düzenleme kabul edilmiştir. Sigorta sözleşmelerinde genellikle sigorta ettirenin sigortacı karşısında zayıf taraf olduğu kabul edildiği için, bu sözleşmelerde sigorta ettirene azamî bir koruma sağlanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Buna karşın reasürans sözleşmeleri, kanun koyucular tarafından genellikle taraflarının irade serbestîsine bırakılan bir alandır. Zira, reasürans sözleşmelerinde tarafların tümü sigortacıdır. Bu durum ise tarafların yabancı unsurlu reasürans sözleşmelerinde hukuk seçimi anlamında da serbest olması sonucunu ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Sigorta sözleşmeleri hukuku ve hukuk seçimi bakımından durum böyleyken, sigortacılığın düzenlenen ve denetlenen bir piyasa olması hasebiyle reasürans ilişkilerinin devletler bakımından ciddi anlamda denetim altında tutulduğunu söylemek de yanlış olmayacaktır. Bu durum Türk hukukunda özellikle Türk sigortacıların yabancı reasürörlerle kurdukları reasürans sözleşmeleri bakımından önem arz etmektedir. Reasürans sözleşmelerinin kurulması bakımından uygulamada farklı usûllerin benimsenmesi, reasüransın hukukî ve ekonomik mâhiyeti itibari ile yabancı unsurlu olmaya yatkın bir akdî ilişki doğurması ve bu alanda milletlerarası özel hukuk anlamında kamu düzeni müdahalesine esas alınabilecek veya doğrudan uygulanan kural olarak değerlendirilebilecek bazı emredici ve sınırlayıcı düzenlemelerin varlığı da konuyu önemli bir hale getirmektedir. Bu çerçevede çalışma kapsamında yabancı unsurlu reasürans sözleşmelerinin kurulması, bu sözleşmelere uygulanacak hukukun taraflarca açık şekilde seçilmesi, hukuk seçimi olarak kabul edilen bazı özel klozlar, mahkemelerce zımnî hukuk seçimi olarak kabul edilen durumlar, hukuk seçimi yokluğunda uygulanacak hukukun tayini, reasürans havuzları, kamu düzeni ve doğrudan uygulanan kuralların bu ilişkilere etkisi konuları üzerinde durularak Türk hukuku ekseninde değerlendirmeler yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca ilgili kısımlarda Avrupa Birliği hukuku ve karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki bazı örnekler ile doktrindeki görüşler de inceleme kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir.

Makale detayları

AN EVALUATION ON THE FORMATION OF REINSURANCE CONTRACTS WITH FOREIGN ELEMENTS IN TURKISH LAW AND CONFLICT OF LAWS ARISING FROM THESE CONTRACTS

Yazarlar:

Halil Alperen Işık

Yayıncı:

Akdeniz University

Ana Başlıklar:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Dergi:

Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.15 Issue 1, pp.613-648

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

7/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001354629

pISSN:

2147-3854

Reinsurance

International Reinsurance

Fronting

Reinsurance Pools

Public policy and Overriding mandatory rulesReasürans

Milletlerarası Reasürans

Fronting

Reasürans Havuzları

Kamu Düzeni ve Doğrudan Uygulanan Kurallar,

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Halil Alperen Işık

Yayıncı: Akdeniz University

Ana Başlıklar: Hukuk (Diğer)

Dergi: Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.15 Issue 1, pp.613-648

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 7/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001354629

pISSN: 2147-3854

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Halil Alperen Işık

Yayıncı:

Akdeniz University

Ana Başlıklar:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Dergi:

Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.15 Issue 1, pp.613-648

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

7/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001354629

pISSN:

2147-3854