OMBUDSMAN IN FRANCE: A REVIEW ON THE STRUCTURE, DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE DEFENDER OF RIGHTS

Ezgi Avcıoğlu Aksoy

Makale detayları

OMBUDSMAN IN FRANCE: A REVIEW ON THE STRUCTURE, DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE DEFENDER OF RIGHTS

Yazarlar:

Ezgi Avcıoğlu Aksoy

Yayıncı:

Akdeniz University

Ana Başlıklar:

İdare Hukuku

Dergi:

Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.15 Issue 1, pp.31-65

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

7/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001354631

pISSN:

2147-3854

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Ombudsman oversight was first implemented as a constitutional institution in Sweden in 1809 and then spread to different countries. Ombudsman supervision, examples of which started to emerge in Western Europe in the 1950s, was established in France in 1973 with the Médiateur. In 1976, this institution was renamed as the Médiateur de la République Médiateur de la République, and with a regulation made in 2011, it merged with the Médiateur and three other institutions that perform similar audits in specific areas and became the Defender of Rights Défenseur des droits, and a new process in the field of ombudsman audit started in France. The Defender of Rights, which has a wide range of duties and powers, has a fundamental role alongside the administrative judiciary in protecting the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens against the malfunctioning of the administration in France. Due to its structure, the Defender of Rights is under the management of a single person, an example of an Ombudsman. Since the independence of the person who will be the head of the Institution and who will essentially determine the reputation and influence of the Institution is of great importance, the independence of the Defender has been regulated by special provisions by the legislator. While regulating the duties of the Defender of Rights, the main axis was kept as the duties of the Médiateur. This situation has caused the new duties included in the scope of defense of children, combating discrimination, and defending against ethical violations of security officers to be regulated with different authorities and procedures. Thus, the heterogeneous nature of the Institutions duties came to the fore. The examination and research powers of the Defender of Rights attract attention with their broad scope. The Defender has basic powers such as accessing information and documents within the scope of the audit and has the authority to request an injunction from the judge against the negligence of the administrative authorities. As a result of the audit, in addition to making a recommendation decision, the Defender is also given powers that put pressure on the administration, such as presenting a special report to the public in case its recommendation is not implemented. Thus, the Defender of Rights has been given a much more active role in the audit process and the implementation of its decisions.

 Ombudsman oversight was first implemented as a constitutional institution in Sweden in 1809 and then spread to different countries. Ombudsman supervision, examples of which started to emerge in Western Europe in the 1950s, was established in France in 1973 with the Médiateur. In 1976, this institution was renamed as the Médiateur de la République Médiateur de la République, and with a regulation made in 2011, it merged with the Médiateur and three other institutions that perform similar audits in specific areas and became the Defender of Rights Défenseur des droits, and a new process in the field of ombudsman audit started in France. The Defender of Rights, which has a wide range of duties and powers, has a fundamental role alongside the administrative judiciary in protecting the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens against the malfunctioning of the administration in France. Due to its structure, the Defender of Rights is under the management of a single person, an example of an Ombudsman. Since the independence of the person who will be the head of the Institution and who will essentially determine the reputation and influence of the Institution is of great importance, the independence of the Defender has been regulated by special provisions by the legislator. While regulating the duties of the Defender of Rights, the main axis was kept as the duties of the Médiateur. This situation has caused the new duties included in the scope of defense of children, combating discrimination, and defending against ethical violations of security officers to be regulated with different authorities and procedures. Thus, the heterogeneous nature of the Institutions duties came to the fore. The examination and research powers of the Defender of Rights attract attention with their broad scope. The Defender has basic powers such as accessing information and documents within the scope of the audit and has the authority to request an injunction from the judge against the negligence of the administrative authorities. As a result of the audit, in addition to making a recommendation decision, the Defender is also given powers that put pressure on the administration, such as presenting a special report to the public in case its recommendation is not implemented. Thus, the Defender of Rights has been given a much more active role in the audit process and the implementation of its decisions.

 Ombudsman oversight was first implemented as a constitutional institution in Sweden in 1809 and then spread to different countries. Ombudsman supervision, examples of which started to emerge in Western Europe in the 1950s, was established in France in 1973 with the Médiateur. In 1976, this institution was renamed as the Médiateur de la République Médiateur de la République, and with a regulation made in 2011, it merged with the Médiateur and three other institutions that perform similar audits in specific areas and became the Defender of Rights Défenseur des droits, and a new process in the field of ombudsman audit started in France. The Defender of Rights, which has a wide range of duties and powers, has a fundamental role alongside the administrative judiciary in protecting the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens against the malfunctioning of the administration in France. Due to its structure, the Defender of Rights is under the management of a single person, an example of an Ombudsman. Since the independence of the person who will be the head of the Institution and who will essentially determine the reputation and influence of the Institution is of great importance, the independence of the Defender has been regulated by special provisions by the legislator. While regulating the duties of the Defender of Rights, the main axis was kept as the duties of the Médiateur. This situation has caused the new duties included in the scope of defense of children, combating discrimination, and defending against ethical violations of security officers to be regulated with different authorities and procedures. Thus, the heterogeneous nature of the Institutions duties came to the fore. The examination and research powers of the Defender of Rights attract attention with their broad scope. The Defender has basic powers such as accessing information and documents within the scope of the audit and has the authority to request an injunction from the judge against the negligence of the administrative authorities. As a result of the audit, in addition to making a recommendation decision, the Defender is also given powers that put pressure on the administration, such as presenting a special report to the public in case its recommendation is not implemented. Thus, the Defender of Rights has been given a much more active role in the audit process and the implementation of its decisions.

 Ombudsman denetimi anayasal kurum olarak ilk kez 1809 yılında İsveçte uygulanmış daha sonra ise farklı ülkelere yayılmıştır. 1950lerde Batı Avrupada örnekleri ortaya çıkmaya başlayan ombudsman denetimi, Fransada 1973 yılında Médiateur ile kurulmuştur. 1989 yılında Cumhuriyet Médiateuréü Médiateur de la République adını alan bu kurum 2011 yılında yapılan bir düzenleme ile de spesifik alanlarda benzer denetimi yapan üç kurumla birleşerek Hakların Savunucusu Défenseur des droits haline gelmiş ve Fransada ombudsman denetimi alanında yeni bir süreç başlamıştır. Selef kurumların kaynak ve yetkilerini devralan Hakların Savunucusu bir idari otorite olarak Fransada daha önce eşi görülmemiş bir güç elde etmiş ve idari yargının yanında kişilerin temel hak ve özgürlüklerinin korunmasında temel bir rol edinmiştir. Hakların Savunucusu yapısı itibariyle, bir Ombudsman örneği olarak tek bir kişinin yönetimindedir. Kurumun başında olacak ve esasen Kurumun saygınlığını ve etkisini belirleyecek kişinin bağımsızlığı büyük önem taşıdığından, Savunucunun bağımsızlığı, kanun koyucu tarafından özel hükümlerle düzenlenmiştir. Hakların Savunucusunun görevleri düzenlenirken Médiateurün görevleri ana eksen olarak tutulmuştur. Bu durum kapsama alınan yeni görevler olan çocukların savunulması, ayrımcılıkla mücadele, güvenlik personelinin etik ihlallerine karşı savunma görevlerinin farklı yetki ve usullerle düzenlenmiş olmasına neden olmuştur. Böylelikle Kurumun görevlerinin heterojen niteliği ön plana çıkmıştır. Hakların Savunucusunun inceleme ve araştırma yetkileri ise kapsamının genişliği ile dikkat çekmektedir. Savunucu hem denetim kapsamında bilgi ve belgelere erişme gibi temel yetkilere sahiptir hem de idari otoritelerin savsaklamalarına karşı hâkimden tedbir kararı alınmasını isteme yetkilerine kavuşturulmuştur. Denetim sonucunda ise Savunucuya tavsiye kararı vermenin yanında, tavsiyesinin uygulanmaması halinde kamuoyuna özel rapor sunma gibi idare üzerinde baskı yaratan yetkiler de verilmiştir. Böylelikle Hakların Savunucusu denetim sürecinde ve kararlarının uygulanması hususunda çok daha etkin bir role kavuşturulmuştur.

Makale detayları

OMBUDSMAN IN FRANCE: A REVIEW ON THE STRUCTURE, DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE DEFENDER OF RIGHTS

Yazarlar:

Ezgi Avcıoğlu Aksoy

Yayıncı:

Akdeniz University

Ana Başlıklar:

İdare Hukuku

Dergi:

Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.15 Issue 1, pp.31-65

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

7/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001354631

pISSN:

2147-3854

Ombudsman

Defender of Rights

fundamental rights and freedoms

administrative control

good governance.Ombudsman

Hakların Savunucusu

temel hak ve özgürlükler

idari denetim

iyi yönetim.

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Ezgi Avcıoğlu Aksoy

Yayıncı: Akdeniz University

Ana Başlıklar: İdare Hukuku

Dergi: Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.15 Issue 1, pp.31-65

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 7/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001354631

pISSN: 2147-3854

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Ezgi Avcıoğlu Aksoy

Yayıncı:

Akdeniz University

Ana Başlıklar:

İdare Hukuku

Dergi:

Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.15 Issue 1, pp.31-65

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

7/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001354631

pISSN:

2147-3854