Ismāʿīlī - Fāṭimid Legal Education and Judicial Activities in Egypt

Ferda Demir

Makale detayları

Ismāʿīlī - Fāṭimid Legal Education and Judicial Activities in Egypt

Yazarlar:

Ferda Demir

Yayıncı:

Motif Yayıncılık

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Araştırmaları (Diğer)

Dergi:

Dini Araştırmalar Issue 68, pp.41-74

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001351810

pISSN:

1301-966X

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The Shii-Ismāʿīlīs, who established the Fāṭimid Caliphate after conducting long-term missionary activities across the Muslim world, placed significant emphasis on the regulation, teaching, and implementation of law as a fundamental requirement of their rule. This study aims to explain the Ismāʿīlī legal system and the institution of the judiciary within the con-text of Fāṭimid administrative circles, social structure, and spatial organization. To this end, the approaches of state officials and qāḍīs in their judicial activities, as well as the social im-pacts of the law, have been examined through various historical accounts. The data collected has made it possible to explain the judicial activities in relation to the conditions of the time. The study addresses two main topics: the teaching and the application of Ismāʿīlī-Fāṭimid law. The establishment of study circles, the books studied, and the works of key aut-hors, along with the influence of Qāḍī Abu Hanifa al-Nuʿmān b. Muhammad 363974 and Abul-Faraj Yaqub b. Killis 380991 on legal education and the judicial system, are promi-nent topics related to Ismāʿīlī legal instruction. The application of Ismāʿīlī law, specifically ju-dicial activities, is another central theme explored in this study. In this context, it is impor-tant to highlight the existing literature on the functioning of the judiciary and the position of qāḍīs during the Fāṭimid period. The study also places particular emphasis on identifying narratives regarding the approaches of statesmen and qāḍīs in judicial activities, as well as examining the social impact of law. This study seeks to offer a thorough analysis of the Ismāʿīlī-Fāṭimid legal system, grounded in historical sources. In doing so, it places emphasis on examining the approaches of state officials and qāḍīs in their judicial activities, as well as the social impacts of the law, as depicted in historical accounts. During the literature review conducted, Ismāʿīlī sources were utilized, benefiting from both primary and secondary sour-ces. The Fāṭimids, who carried out propagation activities for a long time under the dai system, structured the law and conducted judicial activities in accordance with the princip-les of Ismāʿīlī faith. One of the key indicators is that the qāḍī al-qudāt held a rank higher than that of the dai. The appointments of qāḍīs were conducted with a specific ceremony, and their areas of responsibility were clearly defined. Additionally, it should be noted that, in the judicial activities of the Ismāʿīlī-Fāṭimid period in Egypt, Sunnī qāḍīs were also appointed alongside Shii-Ismāʿīlī qāḍīs as a practice that supported the societys alignment with the government. The focal points of influence in judicial activities underwent changes over time. From the establishment of the state, the judicial influence of certain families and circles re-mained prominent. Over time, as the political influence of the Fāṭimid khalīfahs weakened and administrative functions deteriorated, it became evident that viziers with high authority began intervening in the appointment and responsibilities of qāḍīs in Egypt, thus shaping the judicial system.

 The Shii-Ismāʿīlīs, who established the Fāṭimid Caliphate after conducting long-term missionary activities across the Muslim world, placed significant emphasis on the regulation, teaching, and implementation of law as a fundamental requirement of their rule. This study aims to explain the Ismāʿīlī legal system and the institution of the judiciary within the con-text of Fāṭimid administrative circles, social structure, and spatial organization. To this end, the approaches of state officials and qāḍīs in their judicial activities, as well as the social im-pacts of the law, have been examined through various historical accounts. The data collected has made it possible to explain the judicial activities in relation to the conditions of the time. The study addresses two main topics: the teaching and the application of Ismāʿīlī-Fāṭimid law. The establishment of study circles, the books studied, and the works of key aut-hors, along with the influence of Qāḍī Abu Hanifa al-Nuʿmān b. Muhammad 363974 and Abul-Faraj Yaqub b. Killis 380991 on legal education and the judicial system, are promi-nent topics related to Ismāʿīlī legal instruction. The application of Ismāʿīlī law, specifically ju-dicial activities, is another central theme explored in this study. In this context, it is impor-tant to highlight the existing literature on the functioning of the judiciary and the position of qāḍīs during the Fāṭimid period. The study also places particular emphasis on identifying narratives regarding the approaches of statesmen and qāḍīs in judicial activities, as well as examining the social impact of law. This study seeks to offer a thorough analysis of the Ismāʿīlī-Fāṭimid legal system, grounded in historical sources. In doing so, it places emphasis on examining the approaches of state officials and qāḍīs in their judicial activities, as well as the social impacts of the law, as depicted in historical accounts. During the literature review conducted, Ismāʿīlī sources were utilized, benefiting from both primary and secondary sour-ces. The Fāṭimids, who carried out propagation activities for a long time under the dai system, structured the law and conducted judicial activities in accordance with the princip-les of Ismāʿīlī faith. One of the key indicators is that the qāḍī al-qudāt held a rank higher than that of the dai. The appointments of qāḍīs were conducted with a specific ceremony, and their areas of responsibility were clearly defined. Additionally, it should be noted that, in the judicial activities of the Ismāʿīlī-Fāṭimid period in Egypt, Sunnī qāḍīs were also appointed alongside Shii-Ismāʿīlī qāḍīs as a practice that supported the societys alignment with the government. The focal points of influence in judicial activities underwent changes over time. From the establishment of the state, the judicial influence of certain families and circles re-mained prominent. Over time, as the political influence of the Fāṭimid khalīfahs weakened and administrative functions deteriorated, it became evident that viziers with high authority began intervening in the appointment and responsibilities of qāḍīs in Egypt, thus shaping the judicial system.

 The Shii-Ismāʿīlīs, who established the Fāṭimid Caliphate after conducting long-term missionary activities across the Muslim world, placed significant emphasis on the regulation, teaching, and implementation of law as a fundamental requirement of their rule. This study aims to explain the Ismāʿīlī legal system and the institution of the judiciary within the con-text of Fāṭimid administrative circles, social structure, and spatial organization. To this end, the approaches of state officials and qāḍīs in their judicial activities, as well as the social im-pacts of the law, have been examined through various historical accounts. The data collected has made it possible to explain the judicial activities in relation to the conditions of the time. The study addresses two main topics: the teaching and the application of Ismāʿīlī-Fāṭimid law. The establishment of study circles, the books studied, and the works of key aut-hors, along with the influence of Qāḍī Abu Hanifa al-Nuʿmān b. Muhammad 363974 and Abul-Faraj Yaqub b. Killis 380991 on legal education and the judicial system, are promi-nent topics related to Ismāʿīlī legal instruction. The application of Ismāʿīlī law, specifically ju-dicial activities, is another central theme explored in this study. In this context, it is impor-tant to highlight the existing literature on the functioning of the judiciary and the position of qāḍīs during the Fāṭimid period. The study also places particular emphasis on identifying narratives regarding the approaches of statesmen and qāḍīs in judicial activities, as well as examining the social impact of law. This study seeks to offer a thorough analysis of the Ismāʿīlī-Fāṭimid legal system, grounded in historical sources. In doing so, it places emphasis on examining the approaches of state officials and qāḍīs in their judicial activities, as well as the social impacts of the law, as depicted in historical accounts. During the literature review conducted, Ismāʿīlī sources were utilized, benefiting from both primary and secondary sour-ces. The Fāṭimids, who carried out propagation activities for a long time under the dai system, structured the law and conducted judicial activities in accordance with the princip-les of Ismāʿīlī faith. One of the key indicators is that the qāḍī al-qudāt held a rank higher than that of the dai. The appointments of qāḍīs were conducted with a specific ceremony, and their areas of responsibility were clearly defined. Additionally, it should be noted that, in the judicial activities of the Ismāʿīlī-Fāṭimid period in Egypt, Sunnī qāḍīs were also appointed alongside Shii-Ismāʿīlī qāḍīs as a practice that supported the societys alignment with the government. The focal points of influence in judicial activities underwent changes over time. From the establishment of the state, the judicial influence of certain families and circles re-mained prominent. Over time, as the political influence of the Fāṭimid khalīfahs weakened and administrative functions deteriorated, it became evident that viziers with high authority began intervening in the appointment and responsibilities of qāḍīs in Egypt, thus shaping the judicial system.

 Müslüman coğrafyada uzun süre davet faaliyeti yürüterek Fâtımî Devletini kuran Şiî-İsmâilîler, hakimiyetlerinin bir gerekliliği olarak hukukun düzenlenmesine, öğretilmesine ve uygulanmasına önem vermişlerdir. Bu çalışmada Fâtımî yönetim çevreleri, toplumsal yapı ve mekân örüntüsü içinde İsmâilî hukuk düzeninin ve kadılık kurumunun açıklanması amaç-lanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, devlet erbabı ve kadıların yargı faaliyetlerindeki yaklaşımlarına, hukukun toplumsal etkilerine ilişkin rivayetler belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler yargı faali-yetlerinin, dönemin şartlarına göre açıklanmasını olanaklı kılmıştır. Fâtımî yargı düzeninde görev alanlar ve uygulama yerleri hakkında ayrıntılı bilgilere ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmada İsmâilî-Fâtımî hukukunun öğretimi ve uygulama alanları olmak üzere iki ana konu ele alınmaktadır. Kurulan ders halkları, okunun kitapları ve müellifleri, Kâdî Ebû Hanîfe Numân b. Muhammed 363974 ve Ebül-Ferec Yakûb b. Killisin 380991 hukuk öğ-retimi ve yargı düzenindeki etkileri, İsmâilî hukuk öğretimine ilişkin öne çıkan konu başlıkla-rıdır. İsmâilî hukukun uygulama alanı olan yargı faaliyetleri, çalışmada yer alan diğer konu alanıdır. Bu doğrultuda, Fâtımîler döneminde yargının işleyişi ve kadılık hakkında literatürün bulunduğunu belirtmek gerekir. Bu doğrultuda, devlet erbabı ve kadıların yargı faaliyetlerin-deki yaklaşımlarına, hukukun toplumsal etkilerine ilişkin rivayetlerin belirlenmesine önem verilmiştir. Çalışma sırasında yapılan literatür araştırmasında, İsmâilî kaynaklar, birinci ve ikinci derece kaynaklardan yararlanılmıştır. Fâtımîler döneminde idare ve yargıda görevli müelliflerin eserlerinde, İsmâilî hukukun ilkeleri ve işleyişine ilişkin bilgilere ulaşılmıştır. Kadılık kurumu, bölge tarihleri üzerine hazırlanan telif çalışmaları ve genel tarih kitapların-dan Fâtımî yönetim çevrelerinin ve toplumsal olayların hukuk düzeni ile ilişkilerine dair ay-rıntılı rivayetlere ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler İsmâilî hukuk faaliyetlerinin, dönemin şart-larına göre açıklanmasını olanaklı hale getirmiştir. Uzun süre dâî düzeni ile yayılma faaliyeti yürüten Fâtımîlerin, İsmâilî inancının ilkele-rine uygun biçimde hukuku düzenledikleri ve yargı faaliyetlerini yürüttükleri çalışmanın ön-cül sonucudur. Kâdılkudatın dâidduattan yüksek rütbede oluşu bu durumun önemli göster-gelerinden biridir. Yargıda görevlendirilen kadıların atamaları belirli bir törenle gerçekleşti-rilmiş ve görev alanları açıkça belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, Mısır dönemi İsmâilî-Fâtımî yargı faaliyetlerinde, toplumun yönetim ile uyumunu destekleyici bir uygulama olarak Şiî-İsmâilî kadıların yanı sıra Sünnî kadıların da görevlendirildiğini belirtmek gerekir. Yargı faali-yetlerindeki etki odakları dönemsel değişiklikler geçirmiştir. Devletin kuruşundan itibaren uzun süre belirli aile ve çevrelerin yargıda etkinlikleri ön plandadır. Zamanla Fâtımî halifele-rinin siyasi etkinliğinin zayıflaması ve idari işleyişin bozulması sonucunda, yüksek yetkileri bulunan vezirlerin Mısırda kadıların görevlendirilmelerine ve faaliyet alanlarına müdahil ol-dukları, dolayısıyla yargı düzenine yön verdikleri anlaşılmaktadır.

Makale detayları

Ismāʿīlī - Fāṭimid Legal Education and Judicial Activities in Egypt

Yazarlar:

Ferda Demir

Yayıncı:

Motif Yayıncılık

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Araştırmaları (Diğer)

Dergi:

Dini Araştırmalar Issue 68, pp.41-74

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001351810

pISSN:

1301-966X

Islamic History

Ismāʿīlism

Fāṭimid State

Law Education – in Egypt

Judicial Practices

Qāḍīİslam Tarihi

İsmâilîlik

Fâtımî Devleti

Mısır’da Hukuk Eğitimi

Yargı Faaliyetleri

Kadı

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Ferda Demir

Yayıncı: Motif Yayıncılık

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Araştırmaları (Diğer)

Dergi: Dini Araştırmalar Issue 68, pp.41-74

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2025

Belge Dili: İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.): 2001351810

pISSN: 1301-966X

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Ferda Demir

Yayıncı:

Motif Yayıncılık

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Araştırmaları (Diğer)

Dergi:

Dini Araştırmalar Issue 68, pp.41-74

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001351810

pISSN:

1301-966X