The Presence and Status of Diglossia in Arab Society as a Sociolinguistic Phenomenon

Seyfettin Haruni

Makale detayları

The Presence and Status of Diglossia in Arab Society as a Sociolinguistic Phenomenon

Yazarlar:

Seyfettin Haruni

Yayıncı:

Hatay Mustafa Kemal University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Antakiyat Vol.6 Issue 1, pp.98-118

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001291766

pISSN:

2667-4017

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Diglossia refers to the use of two variantsdialects, higher and lower, of the same language under different conditions by speakers in a society. The American linguist Charles Ferguson systematically linked Arabic and several other languages, to this phenomenon in his famous 1959 article entitled Diglossia. The concept of bilingualism the ability to communicate in two different languages, which is etymologically synonymous with diglossia, is attributed to the Arabic language by some linguists as a sociolinguistic phenomenon from time to time. The linguistic situation in Arab society is characterized as one of the most complex and specific types of diglossia, because of the existence of a dilemma between these two concepts and both the use of Standard Arabic with more than one sub-dialects. Joshua Fishman, who expanded the framework of the concept of diglossia and thus departed from Fergusons monolingual description, emphasizes the individual feature of bilingualism and the social aspect of diglossia on the other hand, as the main criteria of difference between these terms. When limited to the use of higher and lower variants of the same language by the same society, it is seen that the concept of diglossia accurately reflects the sociolinguistic situation of todays Arabic. The Islamic conquests, which began in the 7th century, caused the Arabic dialects to differ both within themselves and with Classical Arabic as well. However, it should be said that dialects existed in Arab society in the pre-Islamic period. The ancient societies living in the Arabian peninsula were divided into two communities known as as hadari settled and bedouin nomadic. In the pre-Islamic period, people of different nationalities such as Aramaeans, Iranians, Hebrews, being in close contact with urban Arabs especially for trade, led to linguistic and cultural interaction. However, the share of Arabs who were at a lower level in terms of civilization, was greater in this interaction. In fact, the difference and divergence between the formal language fusha and informal colloquial language in terms of structure and function became more evident in the Arab world due to various political and social relations since ancient times, and especially in the colonial period, when speaking with local dialects was encouraged.

 Diglossia refers to the use of two variantsdialects, higher and lower, of the same language under different conditions by speakers in a society. The American linguist Charles Ferguson systematically linked Arabic and several other languages, to this phenomenon in his famous 1959 article entitled Diglossia. The concept of bilingualism the ability to communicate in two different languages, which is etymologically synonymous with diglossia, is attributed to the Arabic language by some linguists as a sociolinguistic phenomenon from time to time. The linguistic situation in Arab society is characterized as one of the most complex and specific types of diglossia, because of the existence of a dilemma between these two concepts and both the use of Standard Arabic with more than one sub-dialects. Joshua Fishman, who expanded the framework of the concept of diglossia and thus departed from Fergusons monolingual description, emphasizes the individual feature of bilingualism and the social aspect of diglossia on the other hand, as the main criteria of difference between these terms. When limited to the use of higher and lower variants of the same language by the same society, it is seen that the concept of diglossia accurately reflects the sociolinguistic situation of todays Arabic. The Islamic conquests, which began in the 7th century, caused the Arabic dialects to differ both within themselves and with Classical Arabic as well. However, it should be said that dialects existed in Arab society in the pre-Islamic period. The ancient societies living in the Arabian peninsula were divided into two communities known as as hadari settled and bedouin nomadic. In the pre-Islamic period, people of different nationalities such as Aramaeans, Iranians, Hebrews, being in close contact with urban Arabs especially for trade, led to linguistic and cultural interaction. However, the share of Arabs who were at a lower level in terms of civilization, was greater in this interaction. In fact, the difference and divergence between the formal language fusha and informal colloquial language in terms of structure and function became more evident in the Arab world due to various political and social relations since ancient times, and especially in the colonial period, when speaking with local dialects was encouraged.

 Diglossia refers to the use of two variantsdialects, higher and lower, of the same language under different conditions by speakers in a society. The American linguist Charles Ferguson systematically linked Arabic and several other languages, to this phenomenon in his famous 1959 article entitled Diglossia. The concept of bilingualism the ability to communicate in two different languages, which is etymologically synonymous with diglossia, is attributed to the Arabic language by some linguists as a sociolinguistic phenomenon from time to time. The linguistic situation in Arab society is characterized as one of the most complex and specific types of diglossia, because of the existence of a dilemma between these two concepts and both the use of Standard Arabic with more than one sub-dialects. Joshua Fishman, who expanded the framework of the concept of diglossia and thus departed from Fergusons monolingual description, emphasizes the individual feature of bilingualism and the social aspect of diglossia on the other hand, as the main criteria of difference between these terms. When limited to the use of higher and lower variants of the same language by the same society, it is seen that the concept of diglossia accurately reflects the sociolinguistic situation of todays Arabic. The Islamic conquests, which began in the 7th century, caused the Arabic dialects to differ both within themselves and with Classical Arabic as well. However, it should be said that dialects existed in Arab society in the pre-Islamic period. The ancient societies living in the Arabian peninsula were divided into two communities known as as hadari settled and bedouin nomadic. In the pre-Islamic period, people of different nationalities such as Aramaeans, Iranians, Hebrews, being in close contact with urban Arabs especially for trade, led to linguistic and cultural interaction. However, the share of Arabs who were at a lower level in terms of civilization, was greater in this interaction. In fact, the difference and divergence between the formal language fusha and informal colloquial language in terms of structure and function became more evident in the Arab world due to various political and social relations since ancient times, and especially in the colonial period, when speaking with local dialects was encouraged.

 Diglossia, bir toplum içinde konuşmacılar tarafından aynı dilin, biri üst öteki alt olmak üzere iki varyantınlehçenin farklı koşullar altında kullanılmasını ifade eder. Amerikalı dilbilimci Charles Ferguson 1959 tarihli meşhur Diglossia başlıklı makalesinde diğer birkaç dille birlikte Arapçayı da sistematik bir şekilde bu olguyla ilişkilendirmiştir. Etimolojik açıdan diglossia ile aynı anlama gelen bilingualism iki farklı dilde işletişim kurabilme becerisi kavramı da sosyolinguistik bir olgu olarak bazı dilbilimciler tarafından zaman zaman Arapçaya atfedilmektedir. Gerek bu iki kavram arasında ikilemin bulunması gerekse Standart Arapçanın birden fazla alt lehçeleriyle beraber kullanılması, Arap toplumundaki dilsel durumun en karmaşık ve en spesifik diglossia türü ile nitelendirilmesine neden olmaktadır. Aynı toplum tarafından yine köken itibarıyla aynı dilin üst ve alt varyantlarının kullanılması ile sınırlandırıldığında diglossia kavramının günümüz Arapçasının sosyolinguistik durumunu doğru bir şekilde yansıttığı görülmektedir. Esasında eski tarihlerden itibaren çeşitli siyasi ve sosyal münasebetlerden ötürü yapı ve fonksiyon bakımından fasih dil ile halk dili Avamca arasında var olan farklılık ve ayrışma, Arap dünyasında özellikle mahalli lehçelerle konuşmanın teşvik edildiği on dokuzuncu yüzyıl Batı sömürgeciliği döneminde daha da belirgin hale gelmiştir. Makale, diglossia ile bilingualism kavramlarını Arap toplumu ve iletişim alışkanlıkları özelinde incelemeyi, geçmişten günümüze diglossia ile ilişkilendirilen Arap dünyasının dilsel durumunu sosyolinguistik açıdan ele almayı ve meseleye dair genel bir değerlendirme sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Makale detayları

The Presence and Status of Diglossia in Arab Society as a Sociolinguistic Phenomenon

Yazarlar:

Seyfettin Haruni

Yayıncı:

Hatay Mustafa Kemal University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Antakiyat Vol.6 Issue 1, pp.98-118

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001291766

pISSN:

2667-4017

Arabic Language and Rhetoric

Diglossia

Sociolinguistics

Standard Arabic (Fushâ)

Âmmiyye (Colloquial)Arap Dili ve Belagatı

Diglossia

Sosyolinguistik

Standart Arapça (Fushâ)

Âmmiyye (Avamca)

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Seyfettin Haruni

Yayıncı: Hatay Mustafa Kemal University

Ana Başlıklar: Din Araştırmaları

Dergi: Antakiyat Vol.6 Issue 1, pp.98-118

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001291766

pISSN: 2667-4017

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Seyfettin Haruni

Yayıncı:

Hatay Mustafa Kemal University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Antakiyat Vol.6 Issue 1, pp.98-118

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001291766

pISSN:

2667-4017