THE REFLECTION OF THE 16th CENTURY OTTOMAN-SAFEVI CONFLICT ON DIPLOMATIC LANGUAGE

Murat Alandağlı

Makale detayları

THE REFLECTION OF THE 16th CENTURY OTTOMAN-SAFEVI CONFLICT ON DIPLOMATIC LANGUAGE

Yazarlar:

Murat Alandağlı

Yayıncı:

Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University

Ana Başlıklar:

Söylem ve Bağlamsal Dilbilim | Kültür Coğrafyası | Siyasi Coğrafya | Osmanlı Sosyoekonomik Tarihi | Yeniçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Dergi:

Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi Issue 108, pp.507-528

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001305686

pISSN:

1306-8253

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The 16th century can be regarded as the peak period of the Ottoman Empires political, financial, and military strength. During this period, the mechanisms of the empires institutions that facilitated its growth and development functioned in complete and certain harmony. However, it is necessary to acknowledge that some negativities also surfaced during this period. This century was marked by Austrian wars in the West and Safavid wars in the East within the borders that expanded considerably. These wars, which lasted quite a long time, were followed by treaties with heavy provisions. As a result, disruptions began to occur, particularly in the financial and military sectors. This situation also affected the imperial bureaucracy and the imperial writers Divan-ı Hümayün officers. In fact, in the current situation, the imperial bureaucracy has taken on two important tasks: the development of a political policy and the development of a social and cultural discourse. In political terms, they sought to gain, protect and expand their interests against the states they regarded as enemies. In the social and cultural sense, in order to get out of the existing bind, they thought of finding and developing methods of explanation with the language of discourse that would penetrate the social base. For the Western Front, such an endeavour may be considered to have yielded relatively easy results. As a result, on this front they face a completely different other, an enemy, religiously, culturally and politically. The situation in the East, however, is more complex and difficult. Here the Ottomans faced a state, the Safavids, who shared the same religion, political dominance and interests, and were not as culturally divided as in the West. Therefore, for the imperial bureaucracy and the imperial officers Divan-ı Hümayun, the method and manner of explaining the war with the Safavids became very difficult due to these common shares. However, the relevant departments of the Empire were able to overcome this dilemma thanks to their accumulated knowledge, information and experience. This study presents an approach to their discourse, explanations and methods in the context of these efforts. The content of the accounts related to the intensifying Ottoman-Safavid rivalry and wars during the early, middle, and late periods of the 16.century serves as a significant example in highlighting this matter. These documents frequently use religious terms such as kızılbaş, rafizî and mulhid, also political and geographical terms such as upside canîbcenâh yukarı canîb  cenâh and over the borderside öte yaka taraf. Such usage and explanation, which dominated the document language of the Empire, stemmed from the similarities and differences in the political, religious, and sociocultural contexts that existed between the two powers. These similarities and differences can be seen as important criteria that determine the discourse language of the empires officials, bureaucracy, and officers.

 The 16th century can be regarded as the peak period of the Ottoman Empires political, financial, and military strength. During this period, the mechanisms of the empires institutions that facilitated its growth and development functioned in complete and certain harmony. However, it is necessary to acknowledge that some negativities also surfaced during this period. This century was marked by Austrian wars in the West and Safavid wars in the East within the borders that expanded considerably. These wars, which lasted quite a long time, were followed by treaties with heavy provisions. As a result, disruptions began to occur, particularly in the financial and military sectors. This situation also affected the imperial bureaucracy and the imperial writers Divan-ı Hümayün officers. In fact, in the current situation, the imperial bureaucracy has taken on two important tasks: the development of a political policy and the development of a social and cultural discourse. In political terms, they sought to gain, protect and expand their interests against the states they regarded as enemies. In the social and cultural sense, in order to get out of the existing bind, they thought of finding and developing methods of explanation with the language of discourse that would penetrate the social base. For the Western Front, such an endeavour may be considered to have yielded relatively easy results. As a result, on this front they face a completely different other, an enemy, religiously, culturally and politically. The situation in the East, however, is more complex and difficult. Here the Ottomans faced a state, the Safavids, who shared the same religion, political dominance and interests, and were not as culturally divided as in the West. Therefore, for the imperial bureaucracy and the imperial officers Divan-ı Hümayun, the method and manner of explaining the war with the Safavids became very difficult due to these common shares. However, the relevant departments of the Empire were able to overcome this dilemma thanks to their accumulated knowledge, information and experience. This study presents an approach to their discourse, explanations and methods in the context of these efforts. The content of the accounts related to the intensifying Ottoman-Safavid rivalry and wars during the early, middle, and late periods of the 16.century serves as a significant example in highlighting this matter. These documents frequently use religious terms such as kızılbaş, rafizî and mulhid, also political and geographical terms such as upside canîbcenâh yukarı canîb  cenâh and over the borderside öte yaka taraf. Such usage and explanation, which dominated the document language of the Empire, stemmed from the similarities and differences in the political, religious, and sociocultural contexts that existed between the two powers. These similarities and differences can be seen as important criteria that determine the discourse language of the empires officials, bureaucracy, and officers.

 The 16th century can be regarded as the peak period of the Ottoman Empires political, financial, and military strength. During this period, the mechanisms of the empires institutions that facilitated its growth and development functioned in complete and certain harmony. However, it is necessary to acknowledge that some negativities also surfaced during this period. This century was marked by Austrian wars in the West and Safavid wars in the East within the borders that expanded considerably. These wars, which lasted quite a long time, were followed by treaties with heavy provisions. As a result, disruptions began to occur, particularly in the financial and military sectors. This situation also affected the imperial bureaucracy and the imperial writers Divan-ı Hümayün officers. In fact, in the current situation, the imperial bureaucracy has taken on two important tasks: the development of a political policy and the development of a social and cultural discourse. In political terms, they sought to gain, protect and expand their interests against the states they regarded as enemies. In the social and cultural sense, in order to get out of the existing bind, they thought of finding and developing methods of explanation with the language of discourse that would penetrate the social base. For the Western Front, such an endeavour may be considered to have yielded relatively easy results. As a result, on this front they face a completely different other, an enemy, religiously, culturally and politically. The situation in the East, however, is more complex and difficult. Here the Ottomans faced a state, the Safavids, who shared the same religion, political dominance and interests, and were not as culturally divided as in the West. Therefore, for the imperial bureaucracy and the imperial officers Divan-ı Hümayun, the method and manner of explaining the war with the Safavids became very difficult due to these common shares. However, the relevant departments of the Empire were able to overcome this dilemma thanks to their accumulated knowledge, information and experience. This study presents an approach to their discourse, explanations and methods in the context of these efforts. The content of the accounts related to the intensifying Ottoman-Safavid rivalry and wars during the early, middle, and late periods of the 16.century serves as a significant example in highlighting this matter. These documents frequently use religious terms such as kızılbaş, rafizî and mulhid, also political and geographical terms such as upside canîbcenâh yukarı canîb  cenâh and over the borderside öte yaka taraf. Such usage and explanation, which dominated the document language of the Empire, stemmed from the similarities and differences in the political, religious, and sociocultural contexts that existed between the two powers. These similarities and differences can be seen as important criteria that determine the discourse language of the empires officials, bureaucracy, and officers.

 XVI. yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun siyasî, malî ve askerî anlamda gücünün doruk noktaya eriştiği dönem olarak görülebilir. Bu dönemde imparatorluğun gelişip, büyümesini sağlayan müessesatına ait çarklar tam ve belli bir uyum içinde işlemiştir. Fakat bu dönemde bazı olumsuzlukların da gün yüzüne çıktığını ifade etmek gerekmektedir. Bir hayli genişleyen sınırlar dahilinde Batıdaki Avusturya ve Doğudaki Safevî savaşları bu yüzyıla damga vurmuştur. Hayli uzun süren bu savaşları, ağır hükümlülükleri olan anlaşmalar izlemiştir. Haliyle özellikle malî ve askerî anlamdaki çarklarda aksaklıklar ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Bu git geller imparatorduk bürokrasisi ve kalem ehlini de etkilemiştir. Nitekim mevcut durumda imparatorluk bürokrasisi siyasî olarak bir politika ile sosyal ve kültürel anlamda bir söylem dili geliştirmek gibi iki önemli vazifeyi üstlenmiştir. Siyasî anlamda düşman olarak gördükleri devletlere karşı menfaatleri kazanmak, korumak ve arttırmayı hedeflemişlerdir. Sosyal ve kültürel anlamda ise var olan cendereden çıkmak için toplum tabanına nüfuz edecek söylem dili ile izah yöntemlerini bulup geliştirmeyi düşünmüşlerdir. Batı cephesi için bu mahiyette bir gayretin nispeten çok daha kolay sonuçlar verdiği düşünülebilir. Neticede bu cephede dinî, kültürel ve siyasî bakımdan tamamen farklı bir öteki, düşman ile karşı karşıyadırlar. Oysa Doğuda durum oldukça karmaşık ve zordur. Burada inanç olarak aynı dine mensup, siyasal anlamda ortak hâkimiyet ve çıkar havzaları bulunan ve kültürel olarak da Batıdaki kadar keskin ayrımları olmayan bir devlet, Safevîler, ile karşı karşıya bulunmaktadırlar. Dolayısıyla imparatorluk bürokrasisi, kalem ehli için Safevîler ile olan savaşın izahı metodu ve şekli var olan bu ortak paylar nedeniyle hayli zor bir hal almıştır. Ancak imparatorluğun ilgili birimleri sahip oldukları birikim, bilgi ve tecrübeleri sayesinde kendilerince bu çıkmazı da aşmayı başarmışlardır. Çalışma, onların bu gayretleri bağlamdaki söylem, izah ve metotlarına dair bir yaklaşım sergilemektedir. XVI. yüzyılın ilk ve son çeyreği ile ortalarında devam eden Osmanlı-Safevî çekişmesi ve savaşlarına ait bilgelerin muhtevası bu hususun ortaya konulmasında önemli bir örnek hüviyetindedir. Bu belgelerde sıklıkla kızılbaş, rafizî ve mülhid gibi dinî; yukarı canîbcenâh ve öte yakataraf gibi siyasî ve coğrafî izahları havi kullanımlar yer almaktadır. İmparatorluğun belge diline hâkim olan bu tür kullanım ve izah iki güç arasında var olan siyasî, dinî ve sosyo-kültürel bağlamlardaki benzerlik ve farklılıklardan kaynaklanmıştır. Bu benzerlik ve farklılıklar imparatorluk ricali, bürokrasisi ve kalem ehlinin söylem dilini belirleyen önemli kıstaslar olarak görülebilir.

Makale detayları

THE REFLECTION OF THE 16th CENTURY OTTOMAN-SAFEVI CONFLICT ON DIPLOMATIC LANGUAGE

Yazarlar:

Murat Alandağlı

Yayıncı:

Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University

Ana Başlıklar:

Söylem ve Bağlamsal Dilbilim | Kültür Coğrafyası | Siyasi Coğrafya | Osmanlı Sosyoekonomik Tarihi | Yeniçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Dergi:

Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi Issue 108, pp.507-528

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001305686

pISSN:

1306-8253

Ottoman Empire

Safavid State

Ottoman-Safavid Conflict

Diplomatic language (Diplomatika)

Official Explanation and Discourse LanguageOsmanlı İmparatorluğu

Safevi Devleti

Osmanlı-Safevi Çekişmesi

Kızılbaş

Diplomatik

Resmi izah ve söylem dili

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Murat Alandağlı

Yayıncı: Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University

Ana Başlıklar: Söylem ve Bağlamsal Dilbilim | Kültür Coğrafyası | Siyasi Coğrafya | Osmanlı Sosyoekonomik Tarihi | Yeniçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Dergi: Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi Issue 108, pp.507-528

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 12/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001305686

pISSN: 1306-8253

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Murat Alandağlı

Yayıncı:

Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University

Ana Başlıklar:

Söylem ve Bağlamsal Dilbilim | Kültür Coğrafyası | Siyasi Coğrafya | Osmanlı Sosyoekonomik Tarihi | Yeniçağ Osmanlı Tarihi

Dergi:

Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi Issue 108, pp.507-528

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001305686

pISSN:

1306-8253