The Premises of Kalām in Rational Discussions according to Fakḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī

Veysel Kaya

Makale detayları

The Premises of Kalām in Rational Discussions according to Fakḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī

Yazarlar:

Veysel Kaya

Yayıncı:

Eskişehir Osmangazi University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.10 Issue 2, pp.396-418

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001298238

pISSN:

2147-8171

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 In classical Kalāmic texts, Kalām is defined as the demonstration of religious doctrines. Fakḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, who evaluated the kalāmic tradition before him in terms of methodology, analyzed the nature of this demonstration. In the last section of his Kitāb al-Arbaʿīn, he enumerates three basic premises which are used in the rational discussions in Kalām. These premises are negation-demonstration, perfection-imperfection, and necessity-possibility. Fakḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī first sees it necessary that one needs to explain the terms taṣawwur and taṣdiq before going into the dicsussion of affirmation and negation. The second one is the premise of perfection and imperfection. The last one is the premise of necessity and possibility. According to the definition of al-Razi, this premise is the ultimate point reached by the intelligent beings. In this article, I will attempt to sketch and analyze al-Rāzīs description of these premises in consideration of the relevant explanations in his other kalāmic texts and try to situate what kalāmic discussions include these premises. Since al-Rāzīs kalāmic works include many works, I will specifically focus on his last-written works, initially Mafātiḥ al-Ghayb, a text which was written at the last period of his life time and shows al-Rāzīs ultimate and final consideration in the given contexts. The study can be viewed as a contribution to the field of the methdology of Islamic sciences; since it represents a concrete example of how al-Rāzī criticized the classical kalam. The study comes with the conclusion that al-Rāzī did not only apply his criticism of the kalamic tradition to his understanding of the history of kalam, but he also presented the way of doing this criticism by analyzing the classical kalamic principles. Al-Rāzī completes this step by relating these rational explanations to the light of the divine revelation, the wahy, as is seen in his major commentary of the Quran, the Mafātiḥ al-Ghayb.

 In classical Kalāmic texts, Kalām is defined as the demonstration of religious doctrines. Fakḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, who evaluated the kalāmic tradition before him in terms of methodology, analyzed the nature of this demonstration. In the last section of his Kitāb al-Arbaʿīn, he enumerates three basic premises which are used in the rational discussions in Kalām. These premises are negation-demonstration, perfection-imperfection, and necessity-possibility. Fakḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī first sees it necessary that one needs to explain the terms taṣawwur and taṣdiq before going into the dicsussion of affirmation and negation. The second one is the premise of perfection and imperfection. The last one is the premise of necessity and possibility. According to the definition of al-Razi, this premise is the ultimate point reached by the intelligent beings. In this article, I will attempt to sketch and analyze al-Rāzīs description of these premises in consideration of the relevant explanations in his other kalāmic texts and try to situate what kalāmic discussions include these premises. Since al-Rāzīs kalāmic works include many works, I will specifically focus on his last-written works, initially Mafātiḥ al-Ghayb, a text which was written at the last period of his life time and shows al-Rāzīs ultimate and final consideration in the given contexts. The study can be viewed as a contribution to the field of the methdology of Islamic sciences; since it represents a concrete example of how al-Rāzī criticized the classical kalam. The study comes with the conclusion that al-Rāzī did not only apply his criticism of the kalamic tradition to his understanding of the history of kalam, but he also presented the way of doing this criticism by analyzing the classical kalamic principles. Al-Rāzī completes this step by relating these rational explanations to the light of the divine revelation, the wahy, as is seen in his major commentary of the Quran, the Mafātiḥ al-Ghayb.

 In classical Kalāmic texts, Kalām is defined as the demonstration of religious doctrines. Fakḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, who evaluated the kalāmic tradition before him in terms of methodology, analyzed the nature of this demonstration. In the last section of his Kitāb al-Arbaʿīn, he enumerates three basic premises which are used in the rational discussions in Kalām. These premises are negation-demonstration, perfection-imperfection, and necessity-possibility. Fakḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī first sees it necessary that one needs to explain the terms taṣawwur and taṣdiq before going into the dicsussion of affirmation and negation. The second one is the premise of perfection and imperfection. The last one is the premise of necessity and possibility. According to the definition of al-Razi, this premise is the ultimate point reached by the intelligent beings. In this article, I will attempt to sketch and analyze al-Rāzīs description of these premises in consideration of the relevant explanations in his other kalāmic texts and try to situate what kalāmic discussions include these premises. Since al-Rāzīs kalāmic works include many works, I will specifically focus on his last-written works, initially Mafātiḥ al-Ghayb, a text which was written at the last period of his life time and shows al-Rāzīs ultimate and final consideration in the given contexts. The study can be viewed as a contribution to the field of the methdology of Islamic sciences; since it represents a concrete example of how al-Rāzī criticized the classical kalam. The study comes with the conclusion that al-Rāzī did not only apply his criticism of the kalamic tradition to his understanding of the history of kalam, but he also presented the way of doing this criticism by analyzing the classical kalamic principles. Al-Rāzī completes this step by relating these rational explanations to the light of the divine revelation, the wahy, as is seen in his major commentary of the Quran, the Mafātiḥ al-Ghayb.

 Kelâm disiplininde ispatın ne olduğuna dair bir açıklama, kendinden önceki gelenekleri metodoloji açısından bir değerlendirmeye tabi tutan Fahreddin er-Râzî tarafından gündeme getirilmiştir. Kitâbül-Erbâînin son bölümündeki sunuma göre kelâmın aklî konuları ispatta kullandığı üç temel öncül bulunmaktadır. Bunlar nefy-ispat, kemal-noksan ve vücup-imkân öncülleridir. Fahreddin er-Râzî nefy ve ispat öncülünü, tasavvur ve tasdik kavramlarıyla doğrudan ilişkili olarak inceler. Kemâl ve noksan öncülü, kemâl sıfatlarının Allah hakkında zorunlu olduğu, noksan sıfatlarının ise Allahtan nefyedilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koyar. Vücup ve imkân öncülü ise akıl sahiplerinin akıllarının ulaştığı son noktadır. Râzînin felsefe-kelâm arasını birleştirme gayretleri, İbn Sînânın açıklamaları çerçevesinde bu öncül bağlamında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Râzînin el-Erbaîn eserinde özet olarak belirttiği öncüller, diğer eserlerinde önce çıkan bazı açıklamalar ve bağlamlar dikkate alınarak değerlendirilecek ve Râzînin bu öncülleri başlıca hangi kelâmî bağlamlarda kullandığı tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır. Râzînin külliyatı çok geniş bir yelpazeyi kapsadığı için, İslam bilimlerine bütüncül bakış açısını sergilediği Mefâtîhül-Gaybındaki yorumlarına özel atıflarda bulunulacaktır. Çalışma konusu, Râzînin klasik kelâmın yöntemine getirdiği eleştirilerin bir somut örneğini sunması açısından, özellikle İslamî ilimler metodolojisi konusundaki araştırmalara bir katkı olarak değerlendirilebilir. Çalışmada sonuç olarak Râzînin kelâm eleştirisini sadece bir tarih okuması düzeyinde bırakmayarak, klasik kelâmı önermeler eşliğinde yapısal olarak incelediği görülmüştür. Râzî bu adımı, yazdığı tefsir ile tüm naklî ve aklî bilimleri ilahî vahye bağlayarak tamamlamıştır.

Makale detayları

The Premises of Kalām in Rational Discussions according to Fakḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī

Yazarlar:

Veysel Kaya

Yayıncı:

Eskişehir Osmangazi University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.10 Issue 2, pp.396-418

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001298238

pISSN:

2147-8171

Islamic philosophy

Fakḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī

Premise

Demonstration

the Later Kalāmİslam Felsefesi

Fahreddin er-Râzî

Öncül

İstidlal

Müteahhirîn Kelâmı

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Veysel Kaya

Yayıncı: Eskişehir Osmangazi University

Ana Başlıklar: Din Araştırmaları

Dergi: Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.10 Issue 2, pp.396-418

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 9/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001298238

pISSN: 2147-8171

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Veysel Kaya

Yayıncı:

Eskişehir Osmangazi University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.10 Issue 2, pp.396-418

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001298238

pISSN:

2147-8171