Freedom of Religion in The Māverāunnehr (Transoxiana) Region

Saffet Köse

Makale detayları

Freedom of Religion in The Māverāunnehr (Transoxiana) Region

Yazarlar:

Saffet Köse

Yayıncı:

Izmir Katip Celebi University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

Mizanü'l-Hak: İslami İlimler Dergisi Issue 19, pp.1-24

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001334939

pISSN:

2149-9896

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Coexistence with differences is a problem as ancient as human history. Religious freedom is a solution to this problem. Hostile relations between members of different religions against each other or between sects, cults and movements within the same religion arising from different interpretations have always remained up to date. It is the Christian churches that institutionalized the intolerance of freedom of religion and the problems that arose in this area and caused them to persist for centuries. Their taking upon monopoly on bringing redemption to humanity, their use of violence as a religious tool for this purpose, and their dogma that there cannot be a belief system other than the religion of the king in a state have created an obstacle to freedom of religion, and the struggles in this field have continued for more than fifteen hundred years. Humanity owes much to Muslims in this regard. It is possible to say that one of the most unique practices of the Islamic civilization established in the lands acquired through conquests was the freedom of religion as a requirement of respect for beliefs. In the dhimma treaties made with the inhabitants of the conquered lands, provisions on freedom of religion were explicitly included. In fact, this is a command of the Holy Qurān and a requirement of the Prophets exemplary practices. In this study, the view of freedom of religion in Māverāunnehr Transoxiana, which is one of the most important geographies in the history of fiqh, especially in the Hanafi sect, will be discussed. The concepts of jihād and conquest fetḥ, and the issue of punishment for apostasy irtidād, which are especially on the agenda when it comes to freedom of religion, will also be discussed.

 Coexistence with differences is a problem as ancient as human history. Religious freedom is a solution to this problem. Hostile relations between members of different religions against each other or between sects, cults and movements within the same religion arising from different interpretations have always remained up to date. It is the Christian churches that institutionalized the intolerance of freedom of religion and the problems that arose in this area and caused them to persist for centuries. Their taking upon monopoly on bringing redemption to humanity, their use of violence as a religious tool for this purpose, and their dogma that there cannot be a belief system other than the religion of the king in a state have created an obstacle to freedom of religion, and the struggles in this field have continued for more than fifteen hundred years. Humanity owes much to Muslims in this regard. It is possible to say that one of the most unique practices of the Islamic civilization established in the lands acquired through conquests was the freedom of religion as a requirement of respect for beliefs. In the dhimma treaties made with the inhabitants of the conquered lands, provisions on freedom of religion were explicitly included. In fact, this is a command of the Holy Qurān and a requirement of the Prophets exemplary practices. In this study, the view of freedom of religion in Māverāunnehr Transoxiana, which is one of the most important geographies in the history of fiqh, especially in the Hanafi sect, will be discussed. The concepts of jihād and conquest fetḥ, and the issue of punishment for apostasy irtidād, which are especially on the agenda when it comes to freedom of religion, will also be discussed.

 Coexistence with differences is a problem as ancient as human history. Religious freedom is a solution to this problem. Hostile relations between members of different religions against each other or between sects, cults and movements within the same religion arising from different interpretations have always remained up to date. It is the Christian churches that institutionalized the intolerance of freedom of religion and the problems that arose in this area and caused them to persist for centuries. Their taking upon monopoly on bringing redemption to humanity, their use of violence as a religious tool for this purpose, and their dogma that there cannot be a belief system other than the religion of the king in a state have created an obstacle to freedom of religion, and the struggles in this field have continued for more than fifteen hundred years. Humanity owes much to Muslims in this regard. It is possible to say that one of the most unique practices of the Islamic civilization established in the lands acquired through conquests was the freedom of religion as a requirement of respect for beliefs. In the dhimma treaties made with the inhabitants of the conquered lands, provisions on freedom of religion were explicitly included. In fact, this is a command of the Holy Qurān and a requirement of the Prophets exemplary practices. In this study, the view of freedom of religion in Māverāunnehr Transoxiana, which is one of the most important geographies in the history of fiqh, especially in the Hanafi sect, will be discussed. The concepts of jihād and conquest fetḥ, and the issue of punishment for apostasy irtidād, which are especially on the agenda when it comes to freedom of religion, will also be discussed.

 Farklılıklarla bir arada yaşama insanlık tarihi kadar kadim bir problemdir. Din hürriyeti, bu sorunun bir türüdür. Farklı din mensuplarının birbirlerine karşı ya da aynı din içinde farklı yorumlardan kaynaklanan mezhepler, tarikatlar ve akımların kendi aralarındaki hasmâne ilişkiler her zaman güncelliğini korumuştur. Din özgürlüğüne dair hoşgörüsüzlüğü ve bu alanda oluşan sorunları kurumsallaştıran ve asırlarca sürmesine neden olan Hıristiyan kiliseleridir. İnsanlığı kurtuluşa getirmeyi kendi tekelinde görmeleri, bunun için şiddeti dini bir araç olarak kullanmaları ve bir devlet içinde kralın dini dışında bir inanç sistemi olamıyacağına dair dogmaları din özgürlüğü önünde bir engel oluşturmuş ve bu alandaki kavgalar bin beş yüz yıldan fazla devam etmiştir. Bu konuda insanlık müslümanlara çok şey borçludur. Fetihler yoluyla elde edilen topraklarda kurulan İslam medeniyetinin en özgün uygulamalarından birisinin inançlara saygının gereği olan din hürriyeti olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Fethedilen toprakların ahalisi ile yapılan zimmet antlaşmalarında din özgürlüğüne dair hükümlere açık biçimde yer verilmiştir. Esasen bu Kurân-ı Kerimin emri ve Hz. Peygamberin örnek uygulamalarının da bir gereğidir. Bu çalışmada fıkıh tarihinin özellikle Hanefî mezhebinin en önemli coğrafyalarından birisi olan Mâverâünnehirde din hürriyetinin görünümü ele alınacaktır. İnanç özgürlüğü söz konusu olduğunda özellikle gündeme gelen cihat ve fetih kavramları, mürtede uygulanan ceza meselesine de değinilecektir.

Makale detayları

Freedom of Religion in The Māverāunnehr (Transoxiana) Region

Yazarlar:

Saffet Köse

Yayıncı:

Izmir Katip Celebi University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

Mizanü'l-Hak: İslami İlimler Dergisi Issue 19, pp.1-24

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001334939

pISSN:

2149-9896

Māverāunnehr (Transoxiana)

Freedom of religion

Christian churches

Conquest

Jihād

ApostasyMâverâünnehir

Din hürriyeti

Hristiyan kiliseleri

Fetih

Cihad

İrtidad

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Saffet Köse

Yayıncı: Izmir Katip Celebi University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Hukuku

Dergi: Mizanü'l-Hak: İslami İlimler Dergisi Issue 19, pp.1-24

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 12/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001334939

pISSN: 2149-9896

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Saffet Köse

Yayıncı:

Izmir Katip Celebi University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

Mizanü'l-Hak: İslami İlimler Dergisi Issue 19, pp.1-24

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001334939

pISSN:

2149-9896