Marine-derived Penicillium oxalicum M6A as a halotolerant biocatalyst for enzymatic biodegradation and detoxification of the azo dye Direct Red 75

Ugochukwu Ozojiofor

Makale detayları

Marine-derived Penicillium oxalicum M6A as a halotolerant biocatalyst for enzymatic biodegradation and detoxification of the azo dye Direct Red 75

Yazarlar:

Ugochukwu Ozojiofor

Yayıncı:

Trakya University

Ana Başlıklar:

Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology

Dergi:

Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences Vol.26 Issue 2, pp.143-155

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

10/2025

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001360340

pISSN:

2528-9691

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The structural complexity and synthetic origin of azo dyes such as Direct Red 75 DR75 make them environmentally persistent and challenging to remove from industrial effluents. In this study, Penicillium oxalicum M6A, a halotolerant marine-derived fungus isolated from the Nigerian coastline, was evaluated for its capacity to biodegrade and detoxify DR75. The influence of pH, temperature, salt, and dye concentration on degradation efficiency was assessed, along with enzymatic activity. Fourier-transform infrared FTIR spectroscopy and gas chromatographymass spectrometry GC MS analyses were employed to identify degradation products and predict metabolic pathways. Toxicity was determined using three bacterial strains and two crop plant seeds. Optimal degradation was achieved at a pH of 5 90.37, a temperature of 35C 66.82, a dye concentration of 50 mgL 91.53, and a NaCl concentration of 4 67.08. Enzymatic assays revealed significant upregulation of laccase 24.17 UmL, azoreductase 13.14 UmL, and lignin peroxidase 12.54 UmL, indicating their involvement in dye breakdown. FTIR analysis confirmed the disappearance of characteristic azo and sulfonic peaks, while GCMS identified key metabolites such as 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, m-hydroquinone, and 6-ethoxy-6-methyl-2-cyclohexenone. Microtoxicity and phytotoxicity assessments revealed that the degradation products of DR75 by P. oxalicum M6A did not inhibit the bacterial strains and exhibited low toxicity to the seeds of the crop plants used. These findings establish that P. oxalicum M6A can effectively degrade and detoxify DR75, converting it into less toxic metabolites. These observations highlight the biocatalytic potential of P. oxalicum M6A for treating dyecontaminated saline wastewater and encourage further scale-up for environmental applications.

 The structural complexity and synthetic origin of azo dyes such as Direct Red 75 DR75 make them environmentally persistent and challenging to remove from industrial effluents. In this study, Penicillium oxalicum M6A, a halotolerant marine-derived fungus isolated from the Nigerian coastline, was evaluated for its capacity to biodegrade and detoxify DR75. The influence of pH, temperature, salt, and dye concentration on degradation efficiency was assessed, along with enzymatic activity. Fourier-transform infrared FTIR spectroscopy and gas chromatographymass spectrometry GC MS analyses were employed to identify degradation products and predict metabolic pathways. Toxicity was determined using three bacterial strains and two crop plant seeds. Optimal degradation was achieved at a pH of 5 90.37, a temperature of 35C 66.82, a dye concentration of 50 mgL 91.53, and a NaCl concentration of 4 67.08. Enzymatic assays revealed significant upregulation of laccase 24.17 UmL, azoreductase 13.14 UmL, and lignin peroxidase 12.54 UmL, indicating their involvement in dye breakdown. FTIR analysis confirmed the disappearance of characteristic azo and sulfonic peaks, while GCMS identified key metabolites such as 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, m-hydroquinone, and 6-ethoxy-6-methyl-2-cyclohexenone. Microtoxicity and phytotoxicity assessments revealed that the degradation products of DR75 by P. oxalicum M6A did not inhibit the bacterial strains and exhibited low toxicity to the seeds of the crop plants used. These findings establish that P. oxalicum M6A can effectively degrade and detoxify DR75, converting it into less toxic metabolites. These observations highlight the biocatalytic potential of P. oxalicum M6A for treating dyecontaminated saline wastewater and encourage further scale-up for environmental applications.

 The structural complexity and synthetic origin of azo dyes such as Direct Red 75 DR75 make them environmentally persistent and challenging to remove from industrial effluents. In this study, Penicillium oxalicum M6A, a halotolerant marine-derived fungus isolated from the Nigerian coastline, was evaluated for its capacity to biodegrade and detoxify DR75. The influence of pH, temperature, salt, and dye concentration on degradation efficiency was assessed, along with enzymatic activity. Fourier-transform infrared FTIR spectroscopy and gas chromatographymass spectrometry GC MS analyses were employed to identify degradation products and predict metabolic pathways. Toxicity was determined using three bacterial strains and two crop plant seeds. Optimal degradation was achieved at a pH of 5 90.37, a temperature of 35C 66.82, a dye concentration of 50 mgL 91.53, and a NaCl concentration of 4 67.08. Enzymatic assays revealed significant upregulation of laccase 24.17 UmL, azoreductase 13.14 UmL, and lignin peroxidase 12.54 UmL, indicating their involvement in dye breakdown. FTIR analysis confirmed the disappearance of characteristic azo and sulfonic peaks, while GCMS identified key metabolites such as 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, m-hydroquinone, and 6-ethoxy-6-methyl-2-cyclohexenone. Microtoxicity and phytotoxicity assessments revealed that the degradation products of DR75 by P. oxalicum M6A did not inhibit the bacterial strains and exhibited low toxicity to the seeds of the crop plants used. These findings establish that P. oxalicum M6A can effectively degrade and detoxify DR75, converting it into less toxic metabolites. These observations highlight the biocatalytic potential of P. oxalicum M6A for treating dyecontaminated saline wastewater and encourage further scale-up for environmental applications.

 Direct Red 75 DR75 gibi azo boyaların yapısal karmaşıklığı ve sentetik kökenleri, bunları çevreye kalıcı hale getirir ve endüstriyel atıklardan uzaklaştırılmasını zorlaştırır. Bu çalışmada, Nijerya kıyılarından izole edilen halotolerant deniz kaynaklı bir mantar olan Penicillium oxalicum M6A, DR75i biyolojik olarak parçalama ve detoksifikasyon kapasitesi açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Enzimatik aktivite ile birlikte pH, sıcaklık, tuz ve boya konsantrasyonunun bozunma verimliliği üzerindeki etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. FTIR ve GC-MS analizleri, bozunma ürünlerini tanımlamak ve metabolik yolakları tahmin etmek için kullanılırken, toksisite üç bakteri suşu ve iki mahsul bitkisi tohumu kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Optimum bozunma pH 5 90,37, 35C 66,82, 50 mgL boya konsantrasyonu 91,53 ve 4 NaCl 67,08 değerlerinde elde edilmiştir. Enzimatik analizler, laccaz 24,17 UmL, azoredüktaz 13,14 UmL ve lignin peroksidaz 12,54 UmL enzimlerinin önemli ölçüde yukarı regülasyonunu ortaya çıkarmış ve bunların boya parçalanmasında rol oynadığını göstermiştir. FTIR analizi, karakteristik azo ve sülfonik piklerin kaybolduğunu doğrularken, GC-MS, 2,3-dihidrobenzofuran, m-hidrokinon ve 6-etoksi-6-metil2-sikloheksenon gibi önemli metabolitleri tanımladı. Mikrotoksisite ve fitotoksisite değerlendirmeleri, P. oxalicum M6A tarafından DR75in bozunma ürünlerinin bakteri suşları üzerinde herhangi bir inhibisyon bölgesi göstermediğini ve kullanılan mahsul bitkilerinin tohumları için daha az toksik olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlar, P. oxalicum M6Anın DR75i etkili bir şekilde bozunabileceğini ve detoksifiye edebileceğini, onu daha az toksik metabolitlere dönüştürebileceğini göstermektedir. Bu bulgular, boya ile kirlenmiş tuzlu atık suların arıtılmasında P. oxalicum M6Anın biyokatalitik potansiyelini vurgulamakta ve çevresel uygulamalar için daha fazla ölçeklendirilmesini teşvik etmektedir.

Makale detayları

Marine-derived Penicillium oxalicum M6A as a halotolerant biocatalyst for enzymatic biodegradation and detoxification of the azo dye Direct Red 75

Yazarlar:

Ugochukwu Ozojiofor

Yayıncı:

Trakya University

Ana Başlıklar:

Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology

Dergi:

Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences Vol.26 Issue 2, pp.143-155

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

10/2025

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001360340

pISSN:

2528-9691

Penicillium oxalicum M6A

Laccase

recalcitrant pollutants

peroxidase

synthetic dyes

ecotoxicity assessment

Sayı

Makale detayları

Marine-derived Penicillium oxalicum M6A as a halotolerant biocatalyst for enzymatic biodegradation and detoxification of the azo dye Direct Red 75

Yazarlar: Ugochukwu Ozojiofor

Yayıncı: Trakya University

Ana Başlıklar: Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology

Dergi: Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences Vol.26 Issue 2, pp.143-155

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 10/2025

Belge Dili: İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.): 2001360340

pISSN: 2528-9691

Penicillium oxalicum M6A

Laccase

recalcitrant pollutants

peroxidase

synthetic dyes

ecotoxicity assessment

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Ugochukwu Ozojiofor

Yayıncı:

Trakya University

Ana Başlıklar:

Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology

Dergi:

Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences Vol.26 Issue 2, pp.143-155

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

10/2025

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001360340

pISSN:

2528-9691