The Muftīs’ Remedies Against Coerced Divorce Oaths by Executive Officers in Ottoman Society (16th-18th Centuries)

Muharrem Midilli

Makale detayları

The Muftīs’ Remedies Against Coerced Divorce Oaths by Executive Officers in Ottoman Society (16th-18th Centuries)

Yazarlar:

Muharrem Midilli

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

İslam Tetkikleri Dergisi Vol.14 Issue 1, pp.33-57

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

3/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001317155

pISSN:

2717-6967

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 This article discusses the legal formulas devised by muftīs against divorce oaths forced by executive officers ehl-i örf in Ottoman society. Hanafi jurists believe that divorce oaths made under duress are valid. The jurists have developed legal remedies that can be used against the possibility of abuse of this opinion by those in positions of power. The problems arising from the abuse of divorce oaths and their remedies were reflected in fiqh literature, especially fatwā collections where the Hanafi madhhab held sway. Fatwās issued by muftīs in Anatolia and Rumelia, regions where Hanafi madhhab dominated during the 16th18th centuries, indicate that divorce oaths were used pervasively by executive authorities as instruments of compliance. These fatwās describe how executive officers have transformed divorce oaths into tools of coercion, exploiting them for various purposes, including upholding public order, apprehending and interrogating suspects, ensuring justice, tax collection, debt settlement, and prevention of illicit activities. They also abused this mechanism for illicit gains, preventing legal action against them, and acquiring illicit property or money. In response, Ottoman muftīs proposed remedies rooted in legal tradition to safeguard individuals from executive coercion. The most remarkable of these remedies are clandestinely inserting the phrase in shāa Allah if Allah wishes into divorce oaths, file a lawsuit through attorney, pronouncing divorce with the intent of false notificationadmission, intending another meaning of divorce, and constraining general expressions with personal intent. These remedies, which balanced the madhhabs opinion that the divorce oath under duress is valid, served to protect individuals, family and property rights against the executive officers. The article, a study of legal history, provides evidence from fatwā collections to support these findings.

 This article discusses the legal formulas devised by muftīs against divorce oaths forced by executive officers ehl-i örf in Ottoman society. Hanafi jurists believe that divorce oaths made under duress are valid. The jurists have developed legal remedies that can be used against the possibility of abuse of this opinion by those in positions of power. The problems arising from the abuse of divorce oaths and their remedies were reflected in fiqh literature, especially fatwā collections where the Hanafi madhhab held sway. Fatwās issued by muftīs in Anatolia and Rumelia, regions where Hanafi madhhab dominated during the 16th18th centuries, indicate that divorce oaths were used pervasively by executive authorities as instruments of compliance. These fatwās describe how executive officers have transformed divorce oaths into tools of coercion, exploiting them for various purposes, including upholding public order, apprehending and interrogating suspects, ensuring justice, tax collection, debt settlement, and prevention of illicit activities. They also abused this mechanism for illicit gains, preventing legal action against them, and acquiring illicit property or money. In response, Ottoman muftīs proposed remedies rooted in legal tradition to safeguard individuals from executive coercion. The most remarkable of these remedies are clandestinely inserting the phrase in shāa Allah if Allah wishes into divorce oaths, file a lawsuit through attorney, pronouncing divorce with the intent of false notificationadmission, intending another meaning of divorce, and constraining general expressions with personal intent. These remedies, which balanced the madhhabs opinion that the divorce oath under duress is valid, served to protect individuals, family and property rights against the executive officers. The article, a study of legal history, provides evidence from fatwā collections to support these findings.

 This article discusses the legal formulas devised by muftīs against divorce oaths forced by executive officers ehl-i örf in Ottoman society. Hanafi jurists believe that divorce oaths made under duress are valid. The jurists have developed legal remedies that can be used against the possibility of abuse of this opinion by those in positions of power. The problems arising from the abuse of divorce oaths and their remedies were reflected in fiqh literature, especially fatwā collections where the Hanafi madhhab held sway. Fatwās issued by muftīs in Anatolia and Rumelia, regions where Hanafi madhhab dominated during the 16th18th centuries, indicate that divorce oaths were used pervasively by executive authorities as instruments of compliance. These fatwās describe how executive officers have transformed divorce oaths into tools of coercion, exploiting them for various purposes, including upholding public order, apprehending and interrogating suspects, ensuring justice, tax collection, debt settlement, and prevention of illicit activities. They also abused this mechanism for illicit gains, preventing legal action against them, and acquiring illicit property or money. In response, Ottoman muftīs proposed remedies rooted in legal tradition to safeguard individuals from executive coercion. The most remarkable of these remedies are clandestinely inserting the phrase in shāa Allah if Allah wishes into divorce oaths, file a lawsuit through attorney, pronouncing divorce with the intent of false notificationadmission, intending another meaning of divorce, and constraining general expressions with personal intent. These remedies, which balanced the madhhabs opinion that the divorce oath under duress is valid, served to protect individuals, family and property rights against the executive officers. The article, a study of legal history, provides evidence from fatwā collections to support these findings.

 Bu makale Osmanlı toplumunda ehl-i örfün ikrah altında ettirdiği boşama yeminlerine karşı müftülerin önerdiği hukuki formülleri ele almaktadır. Hanefî fakihler ikrah altında ettirilen boşama yeminlerinin geçerli olduğu görüşündedir. Fakihler bu görüşün güç sahipleri tarafından suistimal edilmesi riskine karşı birtakım hukuki formüller geliştirmiştir. Hanefî mezhebinin uygulandığı yerlerde boşama yemininin suistimal edilmesinden kaynaklanan sorunlar ve önerilen formüller fetva mecmualarına yansımıştır. 16.-18. yüzyıllar arasında mezhebin sıkı bir şekilde uygulandığı Anadolu ve Rumeli uygun bir gözlem sahası teşkil etmektedir. Bu bölgelerde görev yapan müftülerin gerçek meselelere verdiği çok sayıda fetva gözlem için zengin bir malzeme sunmaktadır. Fetva mecmualarına yansıyan meseleler, ehl-i örfün boşama yeminini pratik bir itaat ettirme aracına dönüştürdüğünü göstermektedir. Ehl-i örf genellikle asayişin sağlanması, zanlıların sorgulanması, bulunması, adalete teslim edilmesi, vergilerin tahsil edilmesi, borçların ödenmesi ve haramın önlenmesi gibi meşru konular ya da haksız mal veya para elde etme ve haksızlıkların dâva edilmesini önleme gibi gayrimeşru konular hakkında boşama yeminine başvurmuş görünmektedir. Osmanlı müftüleri kişileri ehl-i örfe karşı korumak için hukuk geleneğinde üretilmiş birtakım formüller önermişlerdir. Bu formüllerin en dikkat çekici olanları; boşama yeminine gizlice inşallah lafzı eklemek, vekâlet, boşama lafzını yalan haberikrar niyetiyle söylemek, boşama lafzının farklı bir manasına niyet etmek ve umum ifade eden lafızları niyetle tahsis etmektir. Mezhebin ikrah altında boşama yeminini geçerli sayan görüşünü dengeleyen bu formüller ehl-i örfe karşı kişileri, aileyi ve mülkiyet hakkını koruma işlevi görmüştür. Bir hukuk tarihi çalışması olan makale bütün bu tespitlere dair fetva mecmualarından kanıtlar sunmaktadır.

Makale detayları

The Muftīs’ Remedies Against Coerced Divorce Oaths by Executive Officers in Ottoman Society (16th-18th Centuries)

Yazarlar:

Muharrem Midilli

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

İslam Tetkikleri Dergisi Vol.14 Issue 1, pp.33-57

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

3/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001317155

pISSN:

2717-6967

Islamic Law

Ottoman Society

Divorce Oath

Duress

Muftī

Ehl-i Örf

Remedyİslam Hukuku

Osmanlı Toplumu

Boşama Yemini

İkrah

Müftü

Ehl-i Örf

Hile

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Muharrem Midilli

Yayıncı: Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Hukuku

Dergi: İslam Tetkikleri Dergisi Vol.14 Issue 1, pp.33-57

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 3/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001317155

pISSN: 2717-6967

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Muharrem Midilli

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

İslam Tetkikleri Dergisi Vol.14 Issue 1, pp.33-57

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

3/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001317155

pISSN:

2717-6967