The Rise of Anti-Westernism in the Ottoman Society: Economical, Political and Social Foundations

Bahadır Nurol

Makale detayları

The Rise of Anti-Westernism in the Ottoman Society: Economical, Political and Social Foundations

Yazarlar:

Bahadır Nurol

Yayıncı:

Ahmet Arif EREN

Dergi:

Fiscaoeconomia Vol.7 Issue 2, pp.1647-1673

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

5/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001290181

pISSN:

2564-7504

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 It is possible to read the last two hundred years of the Ottoman Empire as a history of Westernization. This period of time includes efforts to imitate, and in some respects, embrace the West. There are periods, however, in Ottoman history when anti-Westernism is at the forefront. The aim of this paper is to identify these periods of hostility and the socio-economic and political developments that underlie them. Anti-Westernism in the Ottoman era resembles waves that were sometimes defeated and withdrawn, remained cynical for a long time, but sometimes became extremely powerful. The rise of the waves was related to the social, political, and economic context in which the society is embedded. This paper claims that there are three periods in Ottoman history when the waves reach their peak. The first wave refers to the reactions following the Tulip Era, which witnessed the first and timid steps of Westernization. The second crystallized in the reactions that followed the Tanzimat, the most comprehensive Westernization move in Ottoman history. Once capitalism had entered the Ottoman lands, it also became possible to associate the anti-Westernism of the period with the disillusionment with economic policies. The third great wave corresponds to the nationalist counter-current that followed the 1908 revolution, the last major cosmopolitan breakthrough in Ottoman history, and rose until the collapse of the empire. This wave rose with the Tripoli and Balkan Wars and reached its peak with the First World War. Disappointment and anger emerged with the loss of the Balkans and the rising trend of Turkism. This opposition is accompanied by protectionist policies in the economic field. The study brings together data from three different fields; economics, history and sociology.

 It is possible to read the last two hundred years of the Ottoman Empire as a history of Westernization. This period of time includes efforts to imitate, and in some respects, embrace the West. There are periods, however, in Ottoman history when anti-Westernism is at the forefront. The aim of this paper is to identify these periods of hostility and the socio-economic and political developments that underlie them. Anti-Westernism in the Ottoman era resembles waves that were sometimes defeated and withdrawn, remained cynical for a long time, but sometimes became extremely powerful. The rise of the waves was related to the social, political, and economic context in which the society is embedded. This paper claims that there are three periods in Ottoman history when the waves reach their peak. The first wave refers to the reactions following the Tulip Era, which witnessed the first and timid steps of Westernization. The second crystallized in the reactions that followed the Tanzimat, the most comprehensive Westernization move in Ottoman history. Once capitalism had entered the Ottoman lands, it also became possible to associate the anti-Westernism of the period with the disillusionment with economic policies. The third great wave corresponds to the nationalist counter-current that followed the 1908 revolution, the last major cosmopolitan breakthrough in Ottoman history, and rose until the collapse of the empire. This wave rose with the Tripoli and Balkan Wars and reached its peak with the First World War. Disappointment and anger emerged with the loss of the Balkans and the rising trend of Turkism. This opposition is accompanied by protectionist policies in the economic field. The study brings together data from three different fields; economics, history and sociology.

 It is possible to read the last two hundred years of the Ottoman Empire as a history of Westernization. This period of time includes efforts to imitate, and in some respects, embrace the West. There are periods, however, in Ottoman history when anti-Westernism is at the forefront. The aim of this paper is to identify these periods of hostility and the socio-economic and political developments that underlie them. Anti-Westernism in the Ottoman era resembles waves that were sometimes defeated and withdrawn, remained cynical for a long time, but sometimes became extremely powerful. The rise of the waves was related to the social, political, and economic context in which the society is embedded. This paper claims that there are three periods in Ottoman history when the waves reach their peak. The first wave refers to the reactions following the Tulip Era, which witnessed the first and timid steps of Westernization. The second crystallized in the reactions that followed the Tanzimat, the most comprehensive Westernization move in Ottoman history. Once capitalism had entered the Ottoman lands, it also became possible to associate the anti-Westernism of the period with the disillusionment with economic policies. The third great wave corresponds to the nationalist counter-current that followed the 1908 revolution, the last major cosmopolitan breakthrough in Ottoman history, and rose until the collapse of the empire. This wave rose with the Tripoli and Balkan Wars and reached its peak with the First World War. Disappointment and anger emerged with the loss of the Balkans and the rising trend of Turkism. This opposition is accompanied by protectionist policies in the economic field. The study brings together data from three different fields; economics, history and sociology.

 Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun son iki yüz yılını bir Batılılaşma tarihi olarak okumak mümkündür. Bu dönem, Batıyı örnek alma, kimi bakımlardan da özümseme çabaları içerir. Oysa Osmanlı tarihinde bir de Batı karşıtlığının ön planda olduğu dönemler vardır. Bu makalenin amacı, işte bu düşmanlık dönemlerini ve bunların ardında yatan sosyoekonomik ve siyasi gelişmeleri teşhis etmektir. Osmanlı devrinde Batı karşıtlığı kimi zaman yenilen ve köşesine çekilen, uzun zaman sinik tepkilerden ibaret kalan, ancak kimi zaman da son derece güçlenen dalgaları andırmaktadır. Dalgaların yükselişi, dönemin sosyal, siyasal ve ekonomik atmosferiyle alakalıdır. Bu makale Osmanlı tarihinde söz konusu dalgaların tepe noktaya çıktığı üç dönemden söz etmektedir. Birinci dalga Batılılaşmanın ilk ve ürkek adımlarına sahne olan Lale Devrini izleyen reaksiyonlara işaret eder. İkincisi, Osmanlı tarihinin en kapsamlı Batılılaşma hamlesi olan Tanzimatın ardından gelen tepkilerde billurlaşır. Artık kapitalizm Osmanlı topraklarına girmiştir ve dönemin Batı karşıtlığını iktisadi politikalardan duyulan düş kırıklığıyla ilişkilendirmek mümkündür. Üçüncü büyük dalga ise, Osmanlı tarihinin son büyük kozmopolit atılımı olan 1908 devrimini izleyen ve imparatorluğun yıkılışına dek yükselen milliyetçi karşı akıma tekabül eder. Bu dalga Trablusgarp ve Balkan Savaşlarıyla yükselir, I. Dünya Savaşıyla en üst aşamasına ulaşır. Balkanların kaybıyla açığa çıkan düş kırıklığı ve öfke, yükselen Türkçülük akımıyla birleşir. Bu karşıtlığa ekonomik alanda korumacı politikalar eşlik eder. Bu araştırma, üç farklı alana; iktisat, tarih ve sosyolojiye dair veriyi bir araya getiren disiplinlerarası bir çalışmadır.

Makale detayları

The Rise of Anti-Westernism in the Ottoman Society: Economical, Political and Social Foundations

Yazarlar:

Bahadır Nurol

Yayıncı:

Ahmet Arif EREN

Dergi:

Fiscaoeconomia Vol.7 Issue 2, pp.1647-1673

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

5/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001290181

pISSN:

2564-7504

Anti-Westernism

Tanzimat

Ottoman Economy

1908 Revolution

Union and Progress

CosmopolitanismBatı Düşmanlığı

Tanzimat

Osmanlı Ekonomisi

1908 Devrimi

İttihat ve Terakki

Kozmopolitanizm

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Bahadır Nurol

Yayıncı: Ahmet Arif EREN

Dergi: Fiscaoeconomia Vol.7 Issue 2, pp.1647-1673

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 5/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001290181

pISSN: 2564-7504

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Bahadır Nurol

Yayıncı:

Ahmet Arif EREN

Dergi:

Fiscaoeconomia Vol.7 Issue 2, pp.1647-1673

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

5/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001290181

pISSN:

2564-7504