Debates on the Lineage of the Fatimids

Furkan Erbaş

Makale detayları

Debates on the Lineage of the Fatimids

Yazarlar:

Furkan Erbaş

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi ve Medeniyeti | İslam Tarihi

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 1, pp.29-50

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350415

pISSN:

2528-9861

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 In the history of Islām, many positive and negative things have been said about the lineage of the dynasty that belonged to the Ismāʿīlī branch of Shiism and called themselves Fātimids 297-567909-1171 after the Prophets daughter Fātimah, and this issue has come to the present day without a consensus on it. Undoubtedly, the period from the death of Jafar al-Sādiq in 148765, which constitutes the period of secrecy of the Ismāʿīlī call, to the emergence of the first public imam and caliph Ubaydullāh al-Mahdī in 296908 in Ifrīqiyya constitutes the biggest obstacle in clarifying the lineage of the Fātimids. In this period, the Ismāīliyya imams continued their activities underground due to the pressure of the Abbāsīds. In addition, the fact that this period of secrecy lasted for a long time and included many unknowns was one of the factors that made it difficult to clarify the lineage of the Fātimids, and this situation led to doubts about their belonging to the Ahl al-Bayt, contrary to their claims. On the other hand, the fact that the leaders of the sect kept their names secret or used pseudonyms and code names in order to carry out the dawah in a healthy and functional manner, as well as the Abbāsīds efforts to link their lineage to a different lineage that was not from the Ahl al-Bayt helped to increase this suspicion. In addition, the indifference of the Fātimid caliphs to the many negative comments and discourses about their lineage and their lack of effort to create an official genealogy of their lineage seem to have contributed to this difficulty. Historians of Islām and sects are divided into two groups: those who argue that the Fātimids lineage is based on Ahl al-Bayt and those who do not. While most of the historians of Islām and sects, especially the Sunnītes, who provided information about the Fātimids stated that their lineage was not authentic, Ibn Khaldūn, al-Maqrīzī and Shiīte authors argued that their lineage was authentic with various evidences. Although some new materials have emerged, the debate on the genealogy of the Fātimids continues in the modern period. The studies are important in terms of showing how much different and complex information is available about the progeny of the Fātimids. The fact that we have not come across a study that deals with the approach to the descent of the Fātimids in our country has been an important factor that led us to this study at this point. The main goal of this study, which was prepared by taking into account the many narrations narrated by historians of Islām and sects about the progeny of the Fātimids, is to present a different perspective on the progeny of the Fātimids. This study aims to contribute to the literature by analysing the narrations and interpretations about the progeny of the Fātimids as well as making evaluations based on these narrations and interpretations, and by revealing two different attitudes about the progeny of the Fātimids. In this study, it was tried to determine that the fact that the Fātimids, about whom many negative things were said, seemed to be indifferent to this situation was closely related to the fact that they were a rising political and military power in the Islāmic world since the middle of the 4th10th century.

 In the history of Islām, many positive and negative things have been said about the lineage of the dynasty that belonged to the Ismāʿīlī branch of Shiism and called themselves Fātimids 297-567909-1171 after the Prophets daughter Fātimah, and this issue has come to the present day without a consensus on it. Undoubtedly, the period from the death of Jafar al-Sādiq in 148765, which constitutes the period of secrecy of the Ismāʿīlī call, to the emergence of the first public imam and caliph Ubaydullāh al-Mahdī in 296908 in Ifrīqiyya constitutes the biggest obstacle in clarifying the lineage of the Fātimids. In this period, the Ismāīliyya imams continued their activities underground due to the pressure of the Abbāsīds. In addition, the fact that this period of secrecy lasted for a long time and included many unknowns was one of the factors that made it difficult to clarify the lineage of the Fātimids, and this situation led to doubts about their belonging to the Ahl al-Bayt, contrary to their claims. On the other hand, the fact that the leaders of the sect kept their names secret or used pseudonyms and code names in order to carry out the dawah in a healthy and functional manner, as well as the Abbāsīds efforts to link their lineage to a different lineage that was not from the Ahl al-Bayt helped to increase this suspicion. In addition, the indifference of the Fātimid caliphs to the many negative comments and discourses about their lineage and their lack of effort to create an official genealogy of their lineage seem to have contributed to this difficulty. Historians of Islām and sects are divided into two groups: those who argue that the Fātimids lineage is based on Ahl al-Bayt and those who do not. While most of the historians of Islām and sects, especially the Sunnītes, who provided information about the Fātimids stated that their lineage was not authentic, Ibn Khaldūn, al-Maqrīzī and Shiīte authors argued that their lineage was authentic with various evidences. Although some new materials have emerged, the debate on the genealogy of the Fātimids continues in the modern period. The studies are important in terms of showing how much different and complex information is available about the progeny of the Fātimids. The fact that we have not come across a study that deals with the approach to the descent of the Fātimids in our country has been an important factor that led us to this study at this point. The main goal of this study, which was prepared by taking into account the many narrations narrated by historians of Islām and sects about the progeny of the Fātimids, is to present a different perspective on the progeny of the Fātimids. This study aims to contribute to the literature by analysing the narrations and interpretations about the progeny of the Fātimids as well as making evaluations based on these narrations and interpretations, and by revealing two different attitudes about the progeny of the Fātimids. In this study, it was tried to determine that the fact that the Fātimids, about whom many negative things were said, seemed to be indifferent to this situation was closely related to the fact that they were a rising political and military power in the Islāmic world since the middle of the 4th10th century.

 In the history of Islām, many positive and negative things have been said about the lineage of the dynasty that belonged to the Ismāʿīlī branch of Shiism and called themselves Fātimids 297-567909-1171 after the Prophets daughter Fātimah, and this issue has come to the present day without a consensus on it. Undoubtedly, the period from the death of Jafar al-Sādiq in 148765, which constitutes the period of secrecy of the Ismāʿīlī call, to the emergence of the first public imam and caliph Ubaydullāh al-Mahdī in 296908 in Ifrīqiyya constitutes the biggest obstacle in clarifying the lineage of the Fātimids. In this period, the Ismāīliyya imams continued their activities underground due to the pressure of the Abbāsīds. In addition, the fact that this period of secrecy lasted for a long time and included many unknowns was one of the factors that made it difficult to clarify the lineage of the Fātimids, and this situation led to doubts about their belonging to the Ahl al-Bayt, contrary to their claims. On the other hand, the fact that the leaders of the sect kept their names secret or used pseudonyms and code names in order to carry out the dawah in a healthy and functional manner, as well as the Abbāsīds efforts to link their lineage to a different lineage that was not from the Ahl al-Bayt helped to increase this suspicion. In addition, the indifference of the Fātimid caliphs to the many negative comments and discourses about their lineage and their lack of effort to create an official genealogy of their lineage seem to have contributed to this difficulty. Historians of Islām and sects are divided into two groups: those who argue that the Fātimids lineage is based on Ahl al-Bayt and those who do not. While most of the historians of Islām and sects, especially the Sunnītes, who provided information about the Fātimids stated that their lineage was not authentic, Ibn Khaldūn, al-Maqrīzī and Shiīte authors argued that their lineage was authentic with various evidences. Although some new materials have emerged, the debate on the genealogy of the Fātimids continues in the modern period. The studies are important in terms of showing how much different and complex information is available about the progeny of the Fātimids. The fact that we have not come across a study that deals with the approach to the descent of the Fātimids in our country has been an important factor that led us to this study at this point. The main goal of this study, which was prepared by taking into account the many narrations narrated by historians of Islām and sects about the progeny of the Fātimids, is to present a different perspective on the progeny of the Fātimids. This study aims to contribute to the literature by analysing the narrations and interpretations about the progeny of the Fātimids as well as making evaluations based on these narrations and interpretations, and by revealing two different attitudes about the progeny of the Fātimids. In this study, it was tried to determine that the fact that the Fātimids, about whom many negative things were said, seemed to be indifferent to this situation was closely related to the fact that they were a rising political and military power in the Islāmic world since the middle of the 4th10th century.

 Şiîliğin İsmâilîlik koluna mensup olan ve kendilerini Hz. Peygamberin kızı Hz. Fâtımaya nispetle Fâtımîler 297-567909-1171 olarak adlandıran hanedanlığın bağlı bulunduğu nesep hakkında İslâm tarihinde olumlu olumsuz pek çok söz söylenmiş, üzerinde bir konsensüs sağlanamadan bu konu günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Kuşkusuz İsmâilî davetin gizlilik dönemini teşkil eden Cafer es-Sâdıkın 148765 yılındaki ölümünden, ilk zâhir imam ve halife Ubeydullâh el-Mehdînin 296908 yılında İfrîkıyede ortaya çıkmasına kadarki süreç, Fâtımîlerin nesebinin netleştirilmesi noktasında en büyük engeli teşkil etmektedir. Zira bu süreçte İsmâiliyye imamları Abbâsîlerin baskısından dolayı gizlenmeyi setr dönemi sürdürerek faaliyetlerine yer altında devam etmişlerdir. Ayrıca söz konusu gizlilik sürecinin uzun sürmesinin yanında birçok meçhulü de bünyesinde barındırıyor olması, Fâtımîlerin nesebini netleştirmeyi zorlaştıran âmillerden olmuş ve bu durum onların iddia ettiklerinin aksine Ehl-i beyte aidiyetleri noktasında kuşku duyulmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. Öte yandan davetin sağlıklı ve işlevsel bir şekilde yürütülebilmesi için mezhebin başında bulunan liderlerin isimlerinin gizli tutması ya da takma ve kod isim kullanmaları, ayrıca Abbâsîlerin onların nesebini Ehl-i beytten olmayan farklı bir nesebe bağlama çabaları bu kuşkunun artmasına yardımcı olmuştur. Bununla birlikte Fâtımî halifelerinin, nesepleri hakkında yapılan birçok olumsuz yorum ve söylemi dikkate almayarak bu noktada kayıtsız kalmaları ve resmî bir nesep şeceresi oluşturma noktasında gayret göstermemeleri de bu zorluğu artırmaya etki etmiş görünmektedir. İslâm ve mezhepler tarihçileri Fâtımîlerin nesebinin Ehl-i beyte dayandığını savunanlar ve savunmayanlar olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Başta Sünnîler olmak üzere Fâtımîler hakkında bilgi veren İslâm ve mezhepler tarihçilerinin pek çoğu onların nesebinin sahih olmadığını ifade ederken; İbn Haldûn, Makrîzî ve Şiî müellifler neseplerinin sahih olduğunu çeşitli delillerle öne sürmüşlerdir. Her ne kadar bazı yeni materyaller ortaya çıkmış olsa da modern dönemde de Fâtımîlerin nesebi hakkındaki tartışmalar devam etmektedir. Ortaya konulan çalışmalar, Fâtımîlerin nesebi hakkında ne kadar farklı ve karmaşık yapıda bilgi olduğunu göstermesi bakımından önem arz etmektedir. Ülkemizde Fâtımîlerin nesebine yönelik yaklaşımın ele alındığı bir çalışmaya tesadüf etmemiş olmamız bizi bu noktada çalışmaya iten önemli bir âmil olmuştur. İslâm ve mezhepler tarihçilerinin Fâtımîlerin nesebi hakkında aktardıkları birçok rivayetin dikkate alınarak hazırlandığı bu çalışmanın ana hedefi Fâtımîlerin nesebine yönelik farklı bir bakış açısını ortaya koymaktır. Ele alınan çalışmada Fâtımîlerin nesebi hakkındaki rivayet ve yorumların incelenmesinin yanında bunlar üzerinden değerlendirmelerde bulunulması, Fâtımîlerin nesebi hakkında gelişen iki ayrı tavrı ortaya koyması açısından literatüre katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmada nesepleri hakkında pek çok olumsuz söz söylenen Fâtımîlerin bu duruma karşı kayıtsız davranıyor gibi görünmelerinin, 4.10. yyın ortalarından itibaren İslâm dünyasında siyasî ve askerî açıdan yükselen bir güç olmalarıyla yakından ilgili olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Makale detayları

Debates on the Lineage of the Fatimids

Yazarlar:

Furkan Erbaş

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi ve Medeniyeti | İslam Tarihi

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 1, pp.29-50

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350415

pISSN:

2528-9861

Islamic History

Shī‘a

Ismā‘īliyya

Fātimids

Lineageİslâm Tarihi

Şîa

İsmâiliyye

Fâtımîler

Nesep

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Furkan Erbaş

Yayıncı: Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Tarihi ve Medeniyeti | İslam Tarihi

Dergi: Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 1, pp.29-50

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001350415

pISSN: 2528-9861

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Furkan Erbaş

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi ve Medeniyeti | İslam Tarihi

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.29 Issue 1, pp.29-50

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350415

pISSN:

2528-9861