A Turning Point in the Islamic-Byzantine Struggle: The Battle Of Yarmūk (15/636)

Casim Avcı

Makale detayları

A Turning Point in the Islamic-Byzantine Struggle: The Battle Of Yarmūk (15/636)

Yazarlar:

Casim Avcı

Yayıncı:

Marmara University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Öncesi Türk Tarihi | Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer)

Dergi:

Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 1, pp.1-12

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001319642

pISSN:

2148-6743

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 From the time of the Prophet Muhammad pbuh, multifaceted relations took place between the Muslim Arabs and the Christian Byzantines. Byzantine Empire was one of the two superpowers of the period along with the Sasanian Empire. Military struggles have an important place in the relations between Muslims and Byzantium. Among these, the Battle of Yarmouk, which took place in 15636 during the reign of Caliph Umar, is a turning point for both Islamic and Byzantine history. In the Byzantine-Sasanian struggle that continued during the birth years of Islam, Muslims were in favor of Byzantines, the People of the Book, against the Zoroastrian Sassanids. The envoy sent by the Prophet to Heraclius during the Madina period was well received by the emperor. However, after a while, the Prophets envoy to the governor of Busra was killed by the Christian Gassanid emir. When Byzantium supported the Gassanians in the Battle of Mûtah, the armies of Islam and Byzantium faced each other for the first time. This was followed by the Prophets expedition to Tabuk against Byzantium with an army of 30,000 men. During the reign of Caliph Abū Bakr, the Islamic armies fought against the Sassanids on the Iraqi front on the one hand and the Byzantine armies in Syria on the other. With the Battle of Ajnâdeyn that took place in this period, the gates of Syria were opened to the Muslims. During the reign of Caliph Umar, the struggle continued on both fronts. After the victories of Fihl and Marjussuffar against Byzantium, the Islamic armies captured the center of Syria, Damascus. Then the cities of Balebek, Hama and Homs were conquered. Finally, the Battle of Yarmouk between the Islamic and Byzantine armies in 15636 decided the fate of the region and Syria fell to the Muslims. Emperor Heraclius, who had hoped that he could take back the lands the Muslims had conquered in the region, gave up hope and left the region, returning first to Antioch and then to the capital Istanbul. The Muslim victory over Byzantium at Yarmouk was a turning point in Islamic history. After this victory, the Islamic armies conquered Jerusalem, the religious center of the Christians, and other cities of the Palestinian region. This was followed by the conquest of al-Jazira and Egypt. With the first naval battle of the Islamic navy against the Byzantine navy during the reign of Caliph Uthman, the Muslims dominated the Eastern Mediterranean.

 From the time of the Prophet Muhammad pbuh, multifaceted relations took place between the Muslim Arabs and the Christian Byzantines. Byzantine Empire was one of the two superpowers of the period along with the Sasanian Empire. Military struggles have an important place in the relations between Muslims and Byzantium. Among these, the Battle of Yarmouk, which took place in 15636 during the reign of Caliph Umar, is a turning point for both Islamic and Byzantine history. In the Byzantine-Sasanian struggle that continued during the birth years of Islam, Muslims were in favor of Byzantines, the People of the Book, against the Zoroastrian Sassanids. The envoy sent by the Prophet to Heraclius during the Madina period was well received by the emperor. However, after a while, the Prophets envoy to the governor of Busra was killed by the Christian Gassanid emir. When Byzantium supported the Gassanians in the Battle of Mûtah, the armies of Islam and Byzantium faced each other for the first time. This was followed by the Prophets expedition to Tabuk against Byzantium with an army of 30,000 men. During the reign of Caliph Abū Bakr, the Islamic armies fought against the Sassanids on the Iraqi front on the one hand and the Byzantine armies in Syria on the other. With the Battle of Ajnâdeyn that took place in this period, the gates of Syria were opened to the Muslims. During the reign of Caliph Umar, the struggle continued on both fronts. After the victories of Fihl and Marjussuffar against Byzantium, the Islamic armies captured the center of Syria, Damascus. Then the cities of Balebek, Hama and Homs were conquered. Finally, the Battle of Yarmouk between the Islamic and Byzantine armies in 15636 decided the fate of the region and Syria fell to the Muslims. Emperor Heraclius, who had hoped that he could take back the lands the Muslims had conquered in the region, gave up hope and left the region, returning first to Antioch and then to the capital Istanbul. The Muslim victory over Byzantium at Yarmouk was a turning point in Islamic history. After this victory, the Islamic armies conquered Jerusalem, the religious center of the Christians, and other cities of the Palestinian region. This was followed by the conquest of al-Jazira and Egypt. With the first naval battle of the Islamic navy against the Byzantine navy during the reign of Caliph Uthman, the Muslims dominated the Eastern Mediterranean.

 From the time of the Prophet Muhammad pbuh, multifaceted relations took place between the Muslim Arabs and the Christian Byzantines. Byzantine Empire was one of the two superpowers of the period along with the Sasanian Empire. Military struggles have an important place in the relations between Muslims and Byzantium. Among these, the Battle of Yarmouk, which took place in 15636 during the reign of Caliph Umar, is a turning point for both Islamic and Byzantine history. In the Byzantine-Sasanian struggle that continued during the birth years of Islam, Muslims were in favor of Byzantines, the People of the Book, against the Zoroastrian Sassanids. The envoy sent by the Prophet to Heraclius during the Madina period was well received by the emperor. However, after a while, the Prophets envoy to the governor of Busra was killed by the Christian Gassanid emir. When Byzantium supported the Gassanians in the Battle of Mûtah, the armies of Islam and Byzantium faced each other for the first time. This was followed by the Prophets expedition to Tabuk against Byzantium with an army of 30,000 men. During the reign of Caliph Abū Bakr, the Islamic armies fought against the Sassanids on the Iraqi front on the one hand and the Byzantine armies in Syria on the other. With the Battle of Ajnâdeyn that took place in this period, the gates of Syria were opened to the Muslims. During the reign of Caliph Umar, the struggle continued on both fronts. After the victories of Fihl and Marjussuffar against Byzantium, the Islamic armies captured the center of Syria, Damascus. Then the cities of Balebek, Hama and Homs were conquered. Finally, the Battle of Yarmouk between the Islamic and Byzantine armies in 15636 decided the fate of the region and Syria fell to the Muslims. Emperor Heraclius, who had hoped that he could take back the lands the Muslims had conquered in the region, gave up hope and left the region, returning first to Antioch and then to the capital Istanbul. The Muslim victory over Byzantium at Yarmouk was a turning point in Islamic history. After this victory, the Islamic armies conquered Jerusalem, the religious center of the Christians, and other cities of the Palestinian region. This was followed by the conquest of al-Jazira and Egypt. With the first naval battle of the Islamic navy against the Byzantine navy during the reign of Caliph Uthman, the Muslims dominated the Eastern Mediterranean.

 Hz. Peygamber s.a.v. döneminden itibaren Müslüman Araplar ile Hıristiyan Bizanslılar arasında çok yönlü ilişkiler gerçekleşmiştir. Bizans İmparatorluğu o sırada Sâsânî İmparatorluğu ile birlikte dönemin iki süper gücünden biriydi. Müslümanlarla Bizans arasındaki ilişkilerde askerî mücadeleler önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bunlardan Hz. Ömer döneminde 15636 yılında meydana gelen Yermük Savaşı hem İslâm hem de Bizans tarihi için bir dönüm noktası niteliği taşımaktadır. İslâmın doğuş yıllarında devam eden Bizans-Sâsânî mücadelesinde Müslümanlar ateşperest Sâsânîlere karşı ehl-i kitap olan Bizanstan yana bir tavır içerisinde idiler. Medine döneminde Hz. Peygamberin Herakleiosa gönderdiği elçi imparator tarafından iyi karşılandı. Ancak bir süre sonra Hz. Peygamberin Busra valisine gönderdiği elçi Hıristiyan Gassânî emiri tarafından öldürüldü. Bunun üzerine meydana gelen Mûte Savaşında Bizans Gassânîlere destek verince İslâm ve Bizans orduları ilk defa karşı karşıya geldi. Bunu Hz. Peygamberin 30.000 kişilik ordusuyla Bizansa karşı düzenlediği Tebük Seferi takip etti. Hz. Ebû Bekir döneminde İslâm orduları bir taraftan Irak cephesinde Sâsânîlerle mücadele ederken diğer taraftan Suriye bölgesinde Bizans ordularıyla karşılaştılar. Bu dönemde meydana gelen Ecnâdeyn Savaşı ile Suriye kapıları Müslümanlara açılmış oldu. Hz. Ömer döneminde de her iki cephede mücadele devam etti. İslâm orduları Bizansa karşı kazandıkları Fihl ve Mercüssuffer zaferlerinden sonra Suriye bölgesinin merkezi Dımaşkı ele geçirdiler. Ardından Balebek, Hama ve Humus şehirleri fethedildi. Nihayet İslâm ve Bizans orduları arasında 15636 yılında meydana gelen Yermük Savaşı bölgenin kaderini belirledi ve Suriye Müslümanların eline geçti. O güne kadar Müslümanların bölgede fethettikleri toprakları geri alabileceğini uman İmparator Herakleios bundan ümidini kesti ve bölgeden ayrılarak önce Antakyaya, ardından da başkent İstanbula döndü. Müslümanların Bizans karşısında elde ettiği Yermük Zaferi İslâm tarihinde bir dönüm noktası oldu. Bu zaferin ardından İslâm orduları Hıristiyanların dinî merkezi olan Kudüsü ve Filistin bölgesinin diğer şehirlerini fethettiler. Bunu el-Cezîre ve Mısır bölgelerinin fethi izledi. Hz. Osman döneminde İslâm donanmasının Bizans donanması ile yaptığı ilk deniz savaşı olan Zâtüssavârî Zaferi ile de Müslümanlar Doğu Akdenize hâkim oldular.

Makale detayları

A Turning Point in the Islamic-Byzantine Struggle: The Battle Of Yarmūk (15/636)

Yazarlar:

Casim Avcı

Yayıncı:

Marmara University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Öncesi Türk Tarihi | Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer)

Dergi:

Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 1, pp.1-12

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001319642

pISSN:

2148-6743

Islam

Muslims

Byzantium

Byzantine Empire

Caliph Umar

Heraclius

Battle of Yarmouk

Syriaİslâm

Müslümanlar

Bizans

Bizans İmparatorluğu

Hz. Ömer

Herakleios

Yermük Savaşı

Suriye

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Casim Avcı

Yayıncı: Marmara University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Öncesi Türk Tarihi | Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer)

Dergi: Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 1, pp.1-12

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2024

Belge Dili: İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.): 2001319642

pISSN: 2148-6743

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Casim Avcı

Yayıncı:

Marmara University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Öncesi Türk Tarihi | Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer)

Dergi:

Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.11 Issue 1, pp.1-12

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

İngilizce

Document ID (Org No.):

2001319642

pISSN:

2148-6743