ARBITRATION AWARD ON THE IRAQ-TÜRKİYE CRUDE OIL PIPELINE DISPUTE AND THE PRINCIPLE OF REBUS SIC STANTIBUS

Damla Akkaya

Makale detayları

ARBITRATION AWARD ON THE IRAQ-TÜRKİYE CRUDE OIL PIPELINE DISPUTE AND THE PRINCIPLE OF REBUS SIC STANTIBUS

Yazarlar:

Damla Akkaya

Yayıncı:

Akdeniz University

Ana Başlıklar:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Dergi:

Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.14 Issue 1, pp.149-173

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001322048

pISSN:

2147-3854

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The Iraq-Turkey Crude Oil Pipeline ITP Agreements, originally signed between both countries in 1973 and amended by subsequent agreements and protocols in the following years, took their final form with the 2010 Amendment Agreement. With this ITP Agreement Framework, both parties agreed on allowing the sea export of Iraqi crude oil via facilities located on the Turkish Mediterranean coast, and arranging for the construction and management of a set of pipelines spanning on both territories to allow for the transport of said-oil. The first pipeline built within the framework of the Agreements became operational in 1977, followed by the second one in 1987. In 2005, the Kurdish Region of Iraq the KRI was established as an autonomous region of the Iraqi federal state. At that time however, there was no federal regulation regarding the exploitation of crude oil reserves located in the KRI. In 2007, the Kurdish Regional Government of Iraq the KRG, the executive body of the KRI, issued a hydrocarbon regulation regarding the management of crude oil and gas fields in Northern Iraq. However, there has been a dispute between the Iraqi Government and the KRG regarding the management and ownership of crude oil and natural resources in the KRI region. In 2012, the Kurdish Regional Government and Türkiye announced that a new pipeline would be built in the KRI near the Turkish border in order to market KRI crude oil to the world through the ITP pipeline system. Its construction was completed in 2013, and it was tied-in to Fishkabur, the pumping station in Iraq. On May 23rd, 2014, the Republic of Iraq initiated proceedings with the International Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Panel, alleging that Türkiye transported Iraqi oil sent by the KRG without the approval of the Ministry of Petroleum of the Republic of Iraq, in violation of the ITP Agreements. One of the claims put forward by Türkiye in this case, in which many arguments related to the law of treaties, was that Türkiye suspended the ITP Agreements due to a fundamental change of circumstances, also known as the principle of rebus sic stantibus Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 62. Türkiyes claim was therefore that the ITP Agreements were not in force at that time. The Arbitral Tribunal, which examined whether the conditions to apply the rebus sic stantibus principle were met, rejected Turkeys claim based on the principle of good faith. In this article, the counter claims of the parties regarding the principle of rebus sic stantibus and the findings of the Arbitral Tribunal on the subject will be examined within the framework of the relevant rules of treaty law and assesments will be made on the issue.

 The Iraq-Turkey Crude Oil Pipeline ITP Agreements, originally signed between both countries in 1973 and amended by subsequent agreements and protocols in the following years, took their final form with the 2010 Amendment Agreement. With this ITP Agreement Framework, both parties agreed on allowing the sea export of Iraqi crude oil via facilities located on the Turkish Mediterranean coast, and arranging for the construction and management of a set of pipelines spanning on both territories to allow for the transport of said-oil. The first pipeline built within the framework of the Agreements became operational in 1977, followed by the second one in 1987. In 2005, the Kurdish Region of Iraq the KRI was established as an autonomous region of the Iraqi federal state. At that time however, there was no federal regulation regarding the exploitation of crude oil reserves located in the KRI. In 2007, the Kurdish Regional Government of Iraq the KRG, the executive body of the KRI, issued a hydrocarbon regulation regarding the management of crude oil and gas fields in Northern Iraq. However, there has been a dispute between the Iraqi Government and the KRG regarding the management and ownership of crude oil and natural resources in the KRI region. In 2012, the Kurdish Regional Government and Türkiye announced that a new pipeline would be built in the KRI near the Turkish border in order to market KRI crude oil to the world through the ITP pipeline system. Its construction was completed in 2013, and it was tied-in to Fishkabur, the pumping station in Iraq. On May 23rd, 2014, the Republic of Iraq initiated proceedings with the International Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Panel, alleging that Türkiye transported Iraqi oil sent by the KRG without the approval of the Ministry of Petroleum of the Republic of Iraq, in violation of the ITP Agreements. One of the claims put forward by Türkiye in this case, in which many arguments related to the law of treaties, was that Türkiye suspended the ITP Agreements due to a fundamental change of circumstances, also known as the principle of rebus sic stantibus Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 62. Türkiyes claim was therefore that the ITP Agreements were not in force at that time. The Arbitral Tribunal, which examined whether the conditions to apply the rebus sic stantibus principle were met, rejected Turkeys claim based on the principle of good faith. In this article, the counter claims of the parties regarding the principle of rebus sic stantibus and the findings of the Arbitral Tribunal on the subject will be examined within the framework of the relevant rules of treaty law and assesments will be made on the issue.

 The Iraq-Turkey Crude Oil Pipeline ITP Agreements, originally signed between both countries in 1973 and amended by subsequent agreements and protocols in the following years, took their final form with the 2010 Amendment Agreement. With this ITP Agreement Framework, both parties agreed on allowing the sea export of Iraqi crude oil via facilities located on the Turkish Mediterranean coast, and arranging for the construction and management of a set of pipelines spanning on both territories to allow for the transport of said-oil. The first pipeline built within the framework of the Agreements became operational in 1977, followed by the second one in 1987. In 2005, the Kurdish Region of Iraq the KRI was established as an autonomous region of the Iraqi federal state. At that time however, there was no federal regulation regarding the exploitation of crude oil reserves located in the KRI. In 2007, the Kurdish Regional Government of Iraq the KRG, the executive body of the KRI, issued a hydrocarbon regulation regarding the management of crude oil and gas fields in Northern Iraq. However, there has been a dispute between the Iraqi Government and the KRG regarding the management and ownership of crude oil and natural resources in the KRI region. In 2012, the Kurdish Regional Government and Türkiye announced that a new pipeline would be built in the KRI near the Turkish border in order to market KRI crude oil to the world through the ITP pipeline system. Its construction was completed in 2013, and it was tied-in to Fishkabur, the pumping station in Iraq. On May 23rd, 2014, the Republic of Iraq initiated proceedings with the International Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Panel, alleging that Türkiye transported Iraqi oil sent by the KRG without the approval of the Ministry of Petroleum of the Republic of Iraq, in violation of the ITP Agreements. One of the claims put forward by Türkiye in this case, in which many arguments related to the law of treaties, was that Türkiye suspended the ITP Agreements due to a fundamental change of circumstances, also known as the principle of rebus sic stantibus Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 62. Türkiyes claim was therefore that the ITP Agreements were not in force at that time. The Arbitral Tribunal, which examined whether the conditions to apply the rebus sic stantibus principle were met, rejected Turkeys claim based on the principle of good faith. In this article, the counter claims of the parties regarding the principle of rebus sic stantibus and the findings of the Arbitral Tribunal on the subject will be examined within the framework of the relevant rules of treaty law and assesments will be made on the issue.

 Irak ve Türkiye arasında 1973 yılında imzalanan ve takip eden yıllarda çeşitli anlaşma ve protokollerle ek ve değişiklikler yapılan Irak-Türkiye Ham Petrol Boru Hattı ITP Anlaşmaları, 2010 Değişiklik Anlaşması ile son halini almıştır. ITP Anlaşmaları çerçevesinde taraflar, Irak ham petrolünün Türkiyenin Akdeniz kıyısında yer alan tesisler aracılığıyla deniz yoluyla ihracatına izin verilmesi ve ham petrolün taşınmasına imkân verecek şekilde her iki tarafın ülkesini kapsayan bir dizi boru hattının inşası ve yönetiminin düzenlenmesi konusunda mutabakata varmıştır. Söz konusu Anlaşmalar çerçevesinde inşa edilen Birinci Boru Hattı 1977 yılında, İkinci Boru Hattı ise 1987de faaliyete geçmiştir. 2005 yılında Irak Kürt Bölgesel Yönetimi, federal bir devlet olan Irak Cumhuriyetinin özerk bir bölgesi olarak kurulmuştur. Ancak o dönemde Kuzey Iraktaki ham petrol rezervlerinin işletilmesine ilişkin federal bir düzenleme bulunmamaktaydı. 2007 yılında Irak Kürt Bölgesel Yönetimi, Kuzey Iraktaki ham petrol ve gaz sahalarının yönetimine ilişkin bir hidrokarbon düzenlemesi çıkarmıştır. Ancak Irak Hükümeti ve Irak Kürt Bölgesel Yönetimi arasında bölgedeki ham petrol ve doğal kaynakların yönetimi ve mülkiyeti konusunda uyuşmazlık yaşanmıştır. 2012 yılında Irak Kürt Bölgesel Yönetimi ile Türkiye, Kuzey Irak ham petrollerinin ITP Boru Hattı Sistemi yoluyla dünyaya pazarlanması amacıyla Kuzey Irakta Türkiye sınırına yakın yeni bir boru hattının inşa edileceğini duyurmuş ve 2013 yılında inşası tamamlanan bu Hat, ITP sisteminin Irak topraklarındaki ölçüm istasyonu olan Fişhabura bağlanmıştır. Irak Cumhuriyeti, 23 Mayıs 2014te, Türkiyenin, Irak Kürt Bölgesel Yönetimi tarafından gönderilen Irak petrollerini, Irak Cumhuriyeti Petrol Bakanlığının onayı olmaksızın taşıdığı ve yüklediği yani ITP Anlaşmalarını ihlal ettiği iddiasıyla Milletlerarası Ticaret Odası Tahkim Heyetine başvurmuştur. Andlaşmalar hukukuna ilişkin pek çok meselenin konu edildiği bu davada Türkiyenin ileri sürdüğü iddialardan biri de, Türkiyenin ITP Anlaşmalarını şartların esaslı değişimi, diğer bir deyişle rebus sic stantibus ilkesi Viyana Andlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi, 62. madde çerçevesinde askıya almış bulunduğu, bu nedenle söz konusu Anlaşmaların o dönemde yürürlükte olmadığıdır. Konuya ilişkin değerlendirmesinde rebus sic stantibus ilkesinin koşullarını ve hukuki etkilerini inceleyen Hakem Heyeti, Türkiyenin bu iddiasını iyiniyet ilkesi çerçevesinde reddetmiştir. Çalışmada tarafların rebus sic stantibus ilkesine ilişkin karşılıklı iddiaları ve Hakem Heyetinin konuya ilişkin tespitleri andlaşmalar hukukunun ilgili kuralları çerçevesinde incelenecek ve konuya ilişkin değerlendirmelerde bulunulacaktır.

Makale detayları

ARBITRATION AWARD ON THE IRAQ-TÜRKİYE CRUDE OIL PIPELINE DISPUTE AND THE PRINCIPLE OF REBUS SIC STANTIBUS

Yazarlar:

Damla Akkaya

Yayıncı:

Akdeniz University

Ana Başlıklar:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Dergi:

Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.14 Issue 1, pp.149-173

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001322048

pISSN:

2147-3854

Fundamental Change of Circumstances

Rebus Sic Stantibus

Acquiescence

Principle of Good Faith

Suspension of Treaties

North Iraq

Crude Oil

Kurdish Regional Government of Iraq

ITP Agreementsşartların esaslı değişimi

rebus sic stantibus

zımni kabul

iyiniyet ilkesi

antlaşmaların askıya alınması

Kuzey Irak petrolleri

Irak Kürt Bölgesel Yönetimi

ITP Anlaşmaları

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Damla Akkaya

Yayıncı: Akdeniz University

Ana Başlıklar: Hukuk (Diğer)

Dergi: Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.14 Issue 1, pp.149-173

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 1/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001322048

pISSN: 2147-3854

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Damla Akkaya

Yayıncı:

Akdeniz University

Ana Başlıklar:

Hukuk (Diğer)

Dergi:

Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Vol.14 Issue 1, pp.149-173

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

1/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001322048

pISSN:

2147-3854