ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz's Relations with the Umayyads

Kasım Koç

Makale detayları

ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz's Relations with the Umayyads

Yazarlar:

Kasım Koç

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din | Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi Vol.6 Issue 1, pp.111-133

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001291433

pISSN:

2757-8399

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 This article deals with ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs relations with the Umayyads, especially with his family members, within the context of his youth, governorship, under-secretariat and caliphate periods, it aims to misunderstandings by revealing the views and attitudes of the two sides towards each other, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs view of the Umayyad caliphs, which is a subject of much debate, and his decisions to confiscate property, cut allocations and commit atrocities against the Umayyads in detail. In order to determine his relations with the members of the dynasty in detail, a large number of different primary sources have been taken as a basis, and the relevant information in them has been collected and interpreted to form the basis of the study. In addition, contemporary studies have also reviewed, and their different classifications and interpretations have been utilized. In the evaluations, praise and criticism have been avoided, and efforts have been made to determine the situation within scientific boundaries and to adhere to the analytical and critical method. Unlike the other Umayyad caliphs, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was a caliph who gained the support of the overwhelming majority of Muslims by following the path of the râşid right caliphs. Therefore, revealing his mutual relations with the Umayyad family is important for the history of Islamic politics. Some authors have stated that ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs relations with the Umayyads deteriorated because he impoverished them by confiscating their private property and allocations, did not give them official positions, tried to change the system and dismissed the bureaucrats of his predecessors. On the other hand, a small number of authors have stated in general terms that Umar received the support of the members of the dynasty and established good relations with them without going into detail. In the context of the results optained, the family members of ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, who were satisfied with the extremely luxurious life they lived before, were disturbed and reached to the fact that he donated his property and belongings and left his children poor, forced himself and his family to strict asceticism, and almost completely abandoned relations with his spouses after he became the caliph. ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz regarded the Umayyad caliphs as legitimate along with the rashid right caliphs and treated them all with respect, legitimized the sultanate and the appointment of a successor, and adhered to the allegiance he had pledged to his predecessors. Likewise, he fulfilled the duties of governor, emirate of pilgrimage und undersecretary given by his precessors. During his caliphate, contrary to popular belief, he appointed some Umayyads as governors and commanders. As many Umayyads appreciated him and deemed him worthy of the caliphate, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz appreciated the lives of some of them and brought them closer to him and even stated that some Umayyads had qualities worthy of the caliphate. The Umayyads objected to ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs returning the atrocities committed by the members of the dynasty without conducting an investigation and on simple grounds, and cutting off the allocations and provisions of the dynasty, but they had to accept the situation after seeing ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs determination. Although ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz confronted the members of the dynasty on the aforementioned issues, he meintained good relations with the Umayyad members throughout his life and neither he nor the Umayyads, in general, followed a policy of strict opposition and hostility towards each other. Despite his different personality and actions, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was respected by most of the Umayyads and most of the Umayyads appreciated his personality and most of his actions and remembered him fondly after his death.

 This article deals with ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs relations with the Umayyads, especially with his family members, within the context of his youth, governorship, under-secretariat and caliphate periods, it aims to misunderstandings by revealing the views and attitudes of the two sides towards each other, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs view of the Umayyad caliphs, which is a subject of much debate, and his decisions to confiscate property, cut allocations and commit atrocities against the Umayyads in detail. In order to determine his relations with the members of the dynasty in detail, a large number of different primary sources have been taken as a basis, and the relevant information in them has been collected and interpreted to form the basis of the study. In addition, contemporary studies have also reviewed, and their different classifications and interpretations have been utilized. In the evaluations, praise and criticism have been avoided, and efforts have been made to determine the situation within scientific boundaries and to adhere to the analytical and critical method. Unlike the other Umayyad caliphs, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was a caliph who gained the support of the overwhelming majority of Muslims by following the path of the râşid right caliphs. Therefore, revealing his mutual relations with the Umayyad family is important for the history of Islamic politics. Some authors have stated that ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs relations with the Umayyads deteriorated because he impoverished them by confiscating their private property and allocations, did not give them official positions, tried to change the system and dismissed the bureaucrats of his predecessors. On the other hand, a small number of authors have stated in general terms that Umar received the support of the members of the dynasty and established good relations with them without going into detail. In the context of the results optained, the family members of ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, who were satisfied with the extremely luxurious life they lived before, were disturbed and reached to the fact that he donated his property and belongings and left his children poor, forced himself and his family to strict asceticism, and almost completely abandoned relations with his spouses after he became the caliph. ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz regarded the Umayyad caliphs as legitimate along with the rashid right caliphs and treated them all with respect, legitimized the sultanate and the appointment of a successor, and adhered to the allegiance he had pledged to his predecessors. Likewise, he fulfilled the duties of governor, emirate of pilgrimage und undersecretary given by his precessors. During his caliphate, contrary to popular belief, he appointed some Umayyads as governors and commanders. As many Umayyads appreciated him and deemed him worthy of the caliphate, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz appreciated the lives of some of them and brought them closer to him and even stated that some Umayyads had qualities worthy of the caliphate. The Umayyads objected to ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs returning the atrocities committed by the members of the dynasty without conducting an investigation and on simple grounds, and cutting off the allocations and provisions of the dynasty, but they had to accept the situation after seeing ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs determination. Although ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz confronted the members of the dynasty on the aforementioned issues, he meintained good relations with the Umayyad members throughout his life and neither he nor the Umayyads, in general, followed a policy of strict opposition and hostility towards each other. Despite his different personality and actions, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was respected by most of the Umayyads and most of the Umayyads appreciated his personality and most of his actions and remembered him fondly after his death.

 This article deals with ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs relations with the Umayyads, especially with his family members, within the context of his youth, governorship, under-secretariat and caliphate periods, it aims to misunderstandings by revealing the views and attitudes of the two sides towards each other, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs view of the Umayyad caliphs, which is a subject of much debate, and his decisions to confiscate property, cut allocations and commit atrocities against the Umayyads in detail. In order to determine his relations with the members of the dynasty in detail, a large number of different primary sources have been taken as a basis, and the relevant information in them has been collected and interpreted to form the basis of the study. In addition, contemporary studies have also reviewed, and their different classifications and interpretations have been utilized. In the evaluations, praise and criticism have been avoided, and efforts have been made to determine the situation within scientific boundaries and to adhere to the analytical and critical method. Unlike the other Umayyad caliphs, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was a caliph who gained the support of the overwhelming majority of Muslims by following the path of the râşid right caliphs. Therefore, revealing his mutual relations with the Umayyad family is important for the history of Islamic politics. Some authors have stated that ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs relations with the Umayyads deteriorated because he impoverished them by confiscating their private property and allocations, did not give them official positions, tried to change the system and dismissed the bureaucrats of his predecessors. On the other hand, a small number of authors have stated in general terms that Umar received the support of the members of the dynasty and established good relations with them without going into detail. In the context of the results optained, the family members of ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, who were satisfied with the extremely luxurious life they lived before, were disturbed and reached to the fact that he donated his property and belongings and left his children poor, forced himself and his family to strict asceticism, and almost completely abandoned relations with his spouses after he became the caliph. ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz regarded the Umayyad caliphs as legitimate along with the rashid right caliphs and treated them all with respect, legitimized the sultanate and the appointment of a successor, and adhered to the allegiance he had pledged to his predecessors. Likewise, he fulfilled the duties of governor, emirate of pilgrimage und undersecretary given by his precessors. During his caliphate, contrary to popular belief, he appointed some Umayyads as governors and commanders. As many Umayyads appreciated him and deemed him worthy of the caliphate, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz appreciated the lives of some of them and brought them closer to him and even stated that some Umayyads had qualities worthy of the caliphate. The Umayyads objected to ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs returning the atrocities committed by the members of the dynasty without conducting an investigation and on simple grounds, and cutting off the allocations and provisions of the dynasty, but they had to accept the situation after seeing ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīzs determination. Although ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz confronted the members of the dynasty on the aforementioned issues, he meintained good relations with the Umayyad members throughout his life and neither he nor the Umayyads, in general, followed a policy of strict opposition and hostility towards each other. Despite his different personality and actions, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was respected by most of the Umayyads and most of the Umayyads appreciated his personality and most of his actions and remembered him fondly after his death.

 Bu makale, Ömer b. Abdülazîzin başta aile fertleri olmak üzere Emevîlerle ilişkilerini gençlik, valilik, müsteşarlık ve halifelik dönemleri kapsamında ele almakta; iki tarafın birbirine bakışını ve tavırlarını, Ömer b. Abdülazîzin çok tartışma konusu yapılan Emevî halifelerine bakışını, Emevîlere yönelik mal müsaderesi, tahsisatları kesme ve mezâlim kararlarını tafsilatıyla ortaya koyup yanlış anlamaları gidermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Onun hanedan mensuplarıyla karşılıklı ilişkilerini ayrıntılarıyla tespit etmek için çok sayıda ve farklı temel kaynak esas alınmış, onlarda yer alan ilgili bilgiler toplanıp yorumlanarak incelemenin temeli oluşturulmuştur. Bunun yanında çağdaş çalışmalar da gözden geçirilmiş, onların özellikle farklı tasnif ve yorumlarından faydalanılmıştır. Değerlendirmelerde övme ve yerme tarzından uzak durularak ilmî sınırlar içinde durum tespiti yapılmaya çalışılmış, analitik ve eleştirel metoda bağlı kalmak için çaba sarf edilmiştir. Ömer b. Abdülazîz, diğer Emevî halifelerinin aksine râşid halifelerin yolunu takip ederek Müslümanların kahir ekseriyetinin desteğini kazanmış bir halifedir. Bundan dolayı onun Emevî ailesiyle karşılıklı ilişkilerinin ortaya konulması, İslam siyaset tarihi açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bazı müellifler, Ömer b. Abdülazîzin Emevîlerin mezâlim ve özel mallarına el koyup tahsisatlarını keserek onları fakir düşürdüğünden, onlara resmî görev vermediğinden, sistemi değiştirmeye çalıştığından ve seleflerinin bürokratlarını azlettiğinden dolayı onlarla ilişkilerinin kötüleştiğini ifade etmişlerdir. Buna mukabil az sayıda müellif, genel ifadelerle Ömer b. Abdülazîzin hanedan üyelerinin desteğini alıp onlarla iyi ilişkiler kurduğunu ayrıntıya girmeden belirtmişlerdir. Ulaşılan sonuçlar bağlamında daha önce yaşadıkları lüks hayattan memnun olan Ömer b. Abdülazîzin aile fertleri, halife olmasıyla birlikte mülk ve eşyasını bağışlayıp çocuklarını fakir bırakması, hem kendini hem de ailesini katı bir zühde zorlaması ve eşleriyle ilişkiyi neredeyse tamamen terk etmesinden rahatsız olup ona tepki göstermişlerdir. Ömer b. Abdülazîz, râşid halifelerle birlikte Emevî halifelerini de meşrû görüp tümüne karşı saygılı bir tavır takınmış, saltanatı ve veliaht atamayı meşrû karşılayıp seleflerine yaptığı biata bağlı kalmıştır. Aynı şekilde seleflerinin verdiği valilik, hac emirliği ve müsteşarlık görevlerini de yerine getirmiştir. Halifeliği sırasında yaygın kanaatin aksine Emevîlerden bazı kişileri valilik ve komutanlık gibi görevlere atamıştır. Çok sayıda Emevî, onu takdir edip halifeliğe layık gördüğü gibi Ömer b. Abdülazîz de onlardan bir kısmının yaşayışını takdir edip kendine yakınlaştırmış, hatta halife birkaç Emevînin hilafete layık nitelikler taşıdığını ifade etmiştir. Emevîler, Ömer b. Abdülazîzin hanedan üyelerinin elindeki mezâlimi tahkikat yaptırmadan ve basit gerekçelerle iade etmesine, hanedanın tahsisat ve erzaklarını kesmesine karşı çıkmışlar, ancak Ömer b. Abdülazîzin kararlılığını görüp durumu kabullenmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Ömer b. Abdülazîz, bahsedilen konularda hanedan üyeleriyle karşı karşıya gelse de hayatı boyunca Emevî mensuplarıyla iyi ilişkiler kurmuş, ne kendisi ne de Emevîler, genel olarak birbirlerine karşı katı muhalefet ve düşmanlık siyaseti takip etmemişlerdir. Ömer b. Abdülazîz, farklı şahsiyetine ve icraatlarına rağmen Emevîlerin çoğuna saygı duymuş, Emevîlerin ekserisi de onun şahsiyetini ve icraatlarının çoğunu takdir etmiş, vefatından sonra da hayırla yâd etmişlerdir.

Makale detayları

ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz's Relations with the Umayyads

Yazarlar:

Kasım Koç

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din | Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi Vol.6 Issue 1, pp.111-133

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001291433

pISSN:

2757-8399

Islamic History

Umayyads

ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz

Caliphate

Usurped Property Cases

Allocationİslam Tarihi

Emevîler

Ömer b. Abdülazîz

Hilafet

Mezâlim Davaları

Tahsisat

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Kasım Koç

Yayıncı: Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar: Din | Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları

Dergi: Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi Vol.6 Issue 1, pp.111-133

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001291433

pISSN: 2757-8399

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Kasım Koç

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din | Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi Vol.6 Issue 1, pp.111-133

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001291433

pISSN:

2757-8399