Modern and Religious Aspects of the State: A Study on the Islamic State of Iraq Syria (ISIS)

Buse Nur Yazıcı

Makale detayları

Modern and Religious Aspects of the State: A Study on the Islamic State of Iraq Syria (ISIS)

Yazarlar:

Buse Nur Yazıcı

Yayıncı:

Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)

Dergi:

Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.17 Issue 3, pp.587-605

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001331350

pISSN:

2757-7449

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 This study explores the parallels and distinctions between the modern and Islamic conceptions of statehood. It juxtaposes the systemic structures of two types of states: the modern secular state, characterized by governance based on superior legal norms and the protection of freedoms, and the Islamic state, where governance is rooted in religious principles, law is derived from Sharia, and morality is dictated by these laws. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ISIS is used as a case study to illustrate the structure of the modern state and the practices of the Islamic state. Modern states fundamentally hinge on values such as nationalism, the rule of law, and secularism, which were the prevailing ideologies at their inception. In contrast, an Islamic state is a system where religious and state affairs are jointly managed under the leadership of the Caliphate, with the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah serving as the primary source. Contrary to common perception, it is not a rigid or uniform model, but rather a flexible and diverse structure that adapts to various contexts and conditions. Established in 2013 following its split from Al-Qaeda, ISIS has adhered to its unique interpretation of Islam, resorting to violence, committing human rights abuses, and executing massacres as part of its practices. ISIS amalgamates elements of a modern state, including its bureaucracy, sophisticated propaganda mechanisms, and use of technology, while also integrating elements of Sharia and the Caliphate. The emergence of ISIS serves as anecdotal evidence of the evolving nature of statehood in the 21st century, where unconventional sub-state actors can harness both religious and modern elements to establish and sustain states. While ISIS is an entity that has failed to achieve or sustain its statehood aspirations, the evolving nature of statehood poses new challenges for global security, as traditional strategies may not be effective against such hybrid entities. Currently, ISIS is an organization with an ambiguous claim to statehood. For ISIS to realize its objective, it must also incorporate elements of a modern state. In the modern context, statehood or recognition as a state is contingent upon certain conditions. Factors such as the legitimacy of the populace, territorial integrity, and sovereign rights are crucial for recognition as a modern state. Recognition and acceptance by the international community are used to define the states most critical element, which is sovereignty. Therefore, recognition holds significant importance. This study also offers a detailed analysis of the extent to which ISIS, which claims to be founded on the concept of the Islamic state, interprets and implements this concept. The article further delves into the historical, ideological, social, and political factors that have contributed to the rise of ISIS, and how ISIS has leveraged these factors to establish and maintain a state. It also highlights the question of whether the coexistence of modern and religious aspects of statehood is a boon or a bane for ISIS. This study aims to juxtapose two distinct administrative and structural conceptions of the state, and endeavors to shed light on why ISIS is not recognized as a state according to these conceptions, within a theoretical framework. The Quran and Islamic history books are utilized in this study to analyze the theoretical framework of the Islamic state. Simultaneously, the definitions provided by state history and theorists are employed to comprehend the theoretical framework of the modern state. ISIS journals, which function as the media tools of ISIS, are also scrutinized to investigate the organizations objectives and methods. This research holds significance as it bridges a gap in the literature by comparing the understanding of religious and modern states, and assessing the stance of hybrid actors in this context.

 This study explores the parallels and distinctions between the modern and Islamic conceptions of statehood. It juxtaposes the systemic structures of two types of states: the modern secular state, characterized by governance based on superior legal norms and the protection of freedoms, and the Islamic state, where governance is rooted in religious principles, law is derived from Sharia, and morality is dictated by these laws. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ISIS is used as a case study to illustrate the structure of the modern state and the practices of the Islamic state. Modern states fundamentally hinge on values such as nationalism, the rule of law, and secularism, which were the prevailing ideologies at their inception. In contrast, an Islamic state is a system where religious and state affairs are jointly managed under the leadership of the Caliphate, with the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah serving as the primary source. Contrary to common perception, it is not a rigid or uniform model, but rather a flexible and diverse structure that adapts to various contexts and conditions. Established in 2013 following its split from Al-Qaeda, ISIS has adhered to its unique interpretation of Islam, resorting to violence, committing human rights abuses, and executing massacres as part of its practices. ISIS amalgamates elements of a modern state, including its bureaucracy, sophisticated propaganda mechanisms, and use of technology, while also integrating elements of Sharia and the Caliphate. The emergence of ISIS serves as anecdotal evidence of the evolving nature of statehood in the 21st century, where unconventional sub-state actors can harness both religious and modern elements to establish and sustain states. While ISIS is an entity that has failed to achieve or sustain its statehood aspirations, the evolving nature of statehood poses new challenges for global security, as traditional strategies may not be effective against such hybrid entities. Currently, ISIS is an organization with an ambiguous claim to statehood. For ISIS to realize its objective, it must also incorporate elements of a modern state. In the modern context, statehood or recognition as a state is contingent upon certain conditions. Factors such as the legitimacy of the populace, territorial integrity, and sovereign rights are crucial for recognition as a modern state. Recognition and acceptance by the international community are used to define the states most critical element, which is sovereignty. Therefore, recognition holds significant importance. This study also offers a detailed analysis of the extent to which ISIS, which claims to be founded on the concept of the Islamic state, interprets and implements this concept. The article further delves into the historical, ideological, social, and political factors that have contributed to the rise of ISIS, and how ISIS has leveraged these factors to establish and maintain a state. It also highlights the question of whether the coexistence of modern and religious aspects of statehood is a boon or a bane for ISIS. This study aims to juxtapose two distinct administrative and structural conceptions of the state, and endeavors to shed light on why ISIS is not recognized as a state according to these conceptions, within a theoretical framework. The Quran and Islamic history books are utilized in this study to analyze the theoretical framework of the Islamic state. Simultaneously, the definitions provided by state history and theorists are employed to comprehend the theoretical framework of the modern state. ISIS journals, which function as the media tools of ISIS, are also scrutinized to investigate the organizations objectives and methods. This research holds significance as it bridges a gap in the literature by comparing the understanding of religious and modern states, and assessing the stance of hybrid actors in this context.

 This study explores the parallels and distinctions between the modern and Islamic conceptions of statehood. It juxtaposes the systemic structures of two types of states: the modern secular state, characterized by governance based on superior legal norms and the protection of freedoms, and the Islamic state, where governance is rooted in religious principles, law is derived from Sharia, and morality is dictated by these laws. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ISIS is used as a case study to illustrate the structure of the modern state and the practices of the Islamic state. Modern states fundamentally hinge on values such as nationalism, the rule of law, and secularism, which were the prevailing ideologies at their inception. In contrast, an Islamic state is a system where religious and state affairs are jointly managed under the leadership of the Caliphate, with the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah serving as the primary source. Contrary to common perception, it is not a rigid or uniform model, but rather a flexible and diverse structure that adapts to various contexts and conditions. Established in 2013 following its split from Al-Qaeda, ISIS has adhered to its unique interpretation of Islam, resorting to violence, committing human rights abuses, and executing massacres as part of its practices. ISIS amalgamates elements of a modern state, including its bureaucracy, sophisticated propaganda mechanisms, and use of technology, while also integrating elements of Sharia and the Caliphate. The emergence of ISIS serves as anecdotal evidence of the evolving nature of statehood in the 21st century, where unconventional sub-state actors can harness both religious and modern elements to establish and sustain states. While ISIS is an entity that has failed to achieve or sustain its statehood aspirations, the evolving nature of statehood poses new challenges for global security, as traditional strategies may not be effective against such hybrid entities. Currently, ISIS is an organization with an ambiguous claim to statehood. For ISIS to realize its objective, it must also incorporate elements of a modern state. In the modern context, statehood or recognition as a state is contingent upon certain conditions. Factors such as the legitimacy of the populace, territorial integrity, and sovereign rights are crucial for recognition as a modern state. Recognition and acceptance by the international community are used to define the states most critical element, which is sovereignty. Therefore, recognition holds significant importance. This study also offers a detailed analysis of the extent to which ISIS, which claims to be founded on the concept of the Islamic state, interprets and implements this concept. The article further delves into the historical, ideological, social, and political factors that have contributed to the rise of ISIS, and how ISIS has leveraged these factors to establish and maintain a state. It also highlights the question of whether the coexistence of modern and religious aspects of statehood is a boon or a bane for ISIS. This study aims to juxtapose two distinct administrative and structural conceptions of the state, and endeavors to shed light on why ISIS is not recognized as a state according to these conceptions, within a theoretical framework. The Quran and Islamic history books are utilized in this study to analyze the theoretical framework of the Islamic state. Simultaneously, the definitions provided by state history and theorists are employed to comprehend the theoretical framework of the modern state. ISIS journals, which function as the media tools of ISIS, are also scrutinized to investigate the organizations objectives and methods. This research holds significance as it bridges a gap in the literature by comparing the understanding of religious and modern states, and assessing the stance of hybrid actors in this context.

 Bu çalışma, modern anlamda devlet ve İslamda devlet anlayışı arasında benzerlik ve farklılıklara odaklanmaktadır. Modern seküler devletin üstün hukuk normlarına uygun yönetim anlayışı ve özgürlüklerin korunduğu sistemsel yapısı ile İslam devletinin dini ilkelere dayandırdığı, hukukunun şeri yasalara bağlı yürütüldüğü, devletin ahlaki çerçevesinin bu yasalarla belirlendiği yapıyı incelemektedir. İslam devleti ile modern devlet arasındaki ilişkininin daha iyi anlaşılması adına karşılaştırmalı bir analizi de sunulmaktadır. Çalışmada, Irak Şam İslam Devleti IŞİD örneği üzerine odaklanarak modern devlet ve İslam devleti uygulamalarının yapısı detaylandırılmıştır. Modern devletler, ortaya çıktığındaki hâkim görüşlerden olan milliyetçilik, hukukun üstünlüğü, sekülerizm gibi değerlere dayanmaktadır. İslam devleti ise halifelik liderliğinde din ve devletin bir arada yürütüldüğü, Kuran ve Sünnet öğretilerinin ana kaynak olarak gösterildiği yapılanmalardır. Bilinenin aksine sabit ya da tek tip bir model olmadığı aksine farklı bağlam ve koşullara uyum gösteren esnek ve çeşitli bir model yapılanmadır. 2013 yılında El- Kaide bünyesinden ayrılarak kurulan IŞİD, İslamı kendi yorumlamalarına göre uygulamaya koymuş ve uygulamalarında şiddet, insan hakları ihlalleri ve katliamlar gibi eylemleri kullanmıştır. IŞİD, bürokrasisi, sofistike propaganda mekanizmaları ve teknoloji kullanımı ile modern devlet unsurlarını benimsemekteyken eş zamanlı olarak şeriat ve halifelik sistemi gibi unsurları da bünyesinde taşımaktadır. IŞİDin yükselişi, geleneksel olmayan devlet altı aktörlerin devlet kurmak ve sürdürmek için hem dini unsurlardan hem de modern unsurlardan yararlanabildiği ve aslında 21. Yüzyıl içerisinde devlet olabilmenin değişen doğasına dair anekdotları da içermektedir. IŞİD her ne kadar devlet olma arzusunu gerçekleştirememiş veya sürdürememiş bir aktör olsa da değişen devlet doğasının geleneksel stratejilerin bu tür melez oluşumlu aktörlere karşı etkili olamayabileceğinden küresel güvenlik için yeni zorluklar da ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Günümüzde IŞİD, bir devlet olma iddiasını başarıp başaramadığı muğlaklık taşıyan bir örgüttür. Halifeliği siyasi bir güç olarak da kullanmak istemiştir. Tüm İslam dünyasının lideri olma arzusu bulunmaktadır. IŞİDin hedefine ulaşabilmesi için modern devlet anlayışındaki unsurları da sağlaması gerekmektedir. Modern anlamda devlet olmak ya da devlet olarak tanınmak da belli koşullara bağlanmıştır. Meşruiyetinin halka bağlı olması, toprak bütünlüğü ve egemenlik hakları gibi koşullar modern devlet olarak tanınmak için gereklidir. Uluslararası toplum tarafından tanınmak ve kabul edilmek devletin en önemli unsuru olan egemenlik unsurunu tanımlamak için kullanılır. Bu sebeple tanınırlık önem arz etmektedir. İslam devleti anlayışına göre kurulduğunu iddia eden IŞİDin İslam devlet anlayışını ne derece yorumladığı ve uyguladığı da çalışmada detaylı şekilde incelenmiştir. IŞİDin yükselişine katkı sağlayan tarihsel, ideolojik, sosyal ve politik faktörleri ve IŞİDin devlet kurmak ve sürdürmek için hangi unsurları nasıl kullandığı da çalışmada detaylandırılmıştır. Makale modern ve dini yönleri olan devlet anlayışlarının bir arada bulunma zorunluluğunun IŞİD için bir kazanç mı yoksa bir yükümlülük mü olduğunun da altı çizilmektedir. Bu çalışma, yönetimsel ve yapısal olarak farklılık gösteren iki devlet anlayışının karşılaştırılıp bu devlet anlayışlarına göre IŞİDin devlet olarak kabul edilmemesinin sebeplerini teorik bir çerçeveden ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda İslam devletinin teorik çerçevesinin irdelenmesinde Kuran ve İslam tarihi kitaplarından, modern devletin teorik çerçevesinde ise devlet tarihi ve teorisyenlerinin tanımlarından yararlanılmıştır. IŞİDin amaç ve yöntemlerinin araştırılmasında da IŞİDin medya araçları olan dergilerden faydalanılmıştır. Çalışma dini ve modern iki devlet anlayışının karşılaştırılması ve hibrit aktörlerin bu konunun neresinde durduğunu gözlemlemek açısından literatürdeki boşluğun doldurulmasında önemlidir.

Makale detayları

Modern and Religious Aspects of the State: A Study on the Islamic State of Iraq Syria (ISIS)

Yazarlar:

Buse Nur Yazıcı

Yayıncı:

Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)

Dergi:

Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.17 Issue 3, pp.587-605

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001331350

pISSN:

2757-7449

Islamic State

Modern State

Sovereignty

ISIS

Salafism

Shariaİslam Devleti

Modern Devlet

Egemenlik

IŞİD

Selefilik

Şeriat

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Buse Nur Yazıcı

Yayıncı: Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar: Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)

Dergi: Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.17 Issue 3, pp.587-605

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 12/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001331350

pISSN: 2757-7449

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Buse Nur Yazıcı

Yayıncı:

Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)

Dergi:

Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol.17 Issue 3, pp.587-605

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001331350

pISSN:

2757-7449