Types of Istidlāl in 'Abd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī and the Method of Istidlāl bi al-Shāḥid ale al-Ghaib

Muhammed Selim Durumlu

Makale detayları

Types of Istidlāl in 'Abd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī and the Method of Istidlāl bi al-Shāḥid ale al-Ghaib

Yazarlar:

Muhammed Selim Durumlu

Yayıncı:

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

Ana Başlıklar:

Kelam

Dergi:

Kilitbahir Issue 27, pp.19-33

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001358768

pISSN:

2687-2692

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Istidlāl and nazar, as the primary means of attaining knowledge in theology, have been included among the topics of knowledge in the historical process and have been elaborated by theologians. In this context, schools of thought used certain methods of deduction to justify their views and defend their claims in debates with opponents. As one of these methods of inference, the method of istdilāl bi al-shāḥid ala al-gāʾib was used by the Muʿtazilite, Ashʿariyya, and Mātūridiyya schools of theology in the classical period and was justified in accordance with their own systems of thought. Baghdādī, who generally maintained the Ashʿarite attitude of the period, sometimes differed from other theologians in terms of the classifications he applied to nazar and istidlāl and his attitude towards some forms of reasoning. In this article, the views of Abd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādādī, who stands out among the Ashʿarīya theologians of the mutaqaddimūn period as the author of fiqh, on the types of nazar and istidlāl will be briefly discussed and how he uses these methods, especially istidlāl bi al-shāḥid ala al-gāib, will be analyzed. The method of istidlāl bi al-shāḥid ala al-gāib, which is based on the claim that the judgments in the shāḥid are valid for the gāib as well, was later formulated by al-Juwaynī in four commonalities jāmiʿ and reached its most mature form. Although Baghdādī did not include these types of method in his classification, they found a place both in practice and in discussions on the details of concepts and issues. While al-Baghdādī was parallel to other Ashʿarite theologians of the period in the use of the method of istidlāl bi al-shāḥīd ala al-gāʾib, he differed from them especially in the type of the method realized through the commonality of causes and put forward some unique views.

 Istidlāl and nazar, as the primary means of attaining knowledge in theology, have been included among the topics of knowledge in the historical process and have been elaborated by theologians. In this context, schools of thought used certain methods of deduction to justify their views and defend their claims in debates with opponents. As one of these methods of inference, the method of istdilāl bi al-shāḥid ala al-gāʾib was used by the Muʿtazilite, Ashʿariyya, and Mātūridiyya schools of theology in the classical period and was justified in accordance with their own systems of thought. Baghdādī, who generally maintained the Ashʿarite attitude of the period, sometimes differed from other theologians in terms of the classifications he applied to nazar and istidlāl and his attitude towards some forms of reasoning. In this article, the views of Abd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādādī, who stands out among the Ashʿarīya theologians of the mutaqaddimūn period as the author of fiqh, on the types of nazar and istidlāl will be briefly discussed and how he uses these methods, especially istidlāl bi al-shāḥid ala al-gāib, will be analyzed. The method of istidlāl bi al-shāḥid ala al-gāib, which is based on the claim that the judgments in the shāḥid are valid for the gāib as well, was later formulated by al-Juwaynī in four commonalities jāmiʿ and reached its most mature form. Although Baghdādī did not include these types of method in his classification, they found a place both in practice and in discussions on the details of concepts and issues. While al-Baghdādī was parallel to other Ashʿarite theologians of the period in the use of the method of istidlāl bi al-shāḥīd ala al-gāʾib, he differed from them especially in the type of the method realized through the commonality of causes and put forward some unique views.

 Istidlāl and nazar, as the primary means of attaining knowledge in theology, have been included among the topics of knowledge in the historical process and have been elaborated by theologians. In this context, schools of thought used certain methods of deduction to justify their views and defend their claims in debates with opponents. As one of these methods of inference, the method of istdilāl bi al-shāḥid ala al-gāʾib was used by the Muʿtazilite, Ashʿariyya, and Mātūridiyya schools of theology in the classical period and was justified in accordance with their own systems of thought. Baghdādī, who generally maintained the Ashʿarite attitude of the period, sometimes differed from other theologians in terms of the classifications he applied to nazar and istidlāl and his attitude towards some forms of reasoning. In this article, the views of Abd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādādī, who stands out among the Ashʿarīya theologians of the mutaqaddimūn period as the author of fiqh, on the types of nazar and istidlāl will be briefly discussed and how he uses these methods, especially istidlāl bi al-shāḥid ala al-gāib, will be analyzed. The method of istidlāl bi al-shāḥid ala al-gāib, which is based on the claim that the judgments in the shāḥid are valid for the gāib as well, was later formulated by al-Juwaynī in four commonalities jāmiʿ and reached its most mature form. Although Baghdādī did not include these types of method in his classification, they found a place both in practice and in discussions on the details of concepts and issues. While al-Baghdādī was parallel to other Ashʿarite theologians of the period in the use of the method of istidlāl bi al-shāḥīd ala al-gāʾib, he differed from them especially in the type of the method realized through the commonality of causes and put forward some unique views.

 İstidlâl ve nazar kelâm ilminde bilgiye ulaşmanın başlıca yolu olarak tarihî süreç içerisinde bilgi bahisleri arasına girmiş ve kelamcılar tarafından ayrıntılandırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda ekoller kendi görüşlerini temellendirmek ve muhalifler ile girilen tartışmalarda iddialarını savunmak amacıyla birtakım istidlâl metodları kullanmıştır. Bu çıkarım yöntemlerinden biri olarak istdilâl biş-şâhid alel-gâib metodu klasik dönem kelâmında Muʻtezile, Eşʻariyye ve Mâtûridiyye ekolleri tarafından kullanılmış ve kendi düşünce sistemlerine uyumlu bir şekilde temellendirilmiştir. Genel anlamda dönemin Eşʻarî tutumunu devam ettiren Bağdâdî, yer yer hem nazar ve istidlâle uyguladığı tasnifler hem de bazı akıl yürütme biçimlerindeki tutumu açısından diğer kelamcılardan farklılaşmaktadır. Bu makalede mütekaddimûn dönem Eşʻarîyye kelamcıları arasında fırak müellifi olarak öne çıkan Abdulkâhir Bağdâdînin nazar ve istidlâlin türleri hakkındaki görüşleri kısaca ele alınacak ve başta istidlâl biş-şâhid alel-gâib olmak üzere onun söz konusu yöntemleri nasıl kullandığı incelenecektir. Şâhiddeki yargılarıın gâib hakkında da geçerli olduğu iddiasına dayanan istidlâl biş-şâhid alel-gâib yöntemi, daha sonraları Cüveynî tarafından dört ortaklık câmiʻ formülize edilmiş ve en olgun haline ulaşmıştır. Bağdâdîde yöntemin bu türleri tasnif içinde ele alınmış olmasa da hem uygulamada hem de kavram ve konuların ayrıntılarındaki tartışmalarda yer bulmuştur. Bağdâdî istidlâl biş-şâhid alel-gâib yönteminin kullanımında dönemin diğer Eşʻarî kelamcılarıyla paralel bir tutum sergilerken özellikle metodun illet ortaklığı aracılığı ile gerçekleştirilen türünde onlardan ayrılmış ve kendine has bazı görüşler öne sürmüştür.

Makale detayları

Types of Istidlāl in 'Abd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī and the Method of Istidlāl bi al-Shāḥid ale al-Ghaib

Yazarlar:

Muhammed Selim Durumlu

Yayıncı:

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

Ana Başlıklar:

Kelam

Dergi:

Kilitbahir Issue 27, pp.19-33

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001358768

pISSN:

2687-2692

Abdulkāhir al-Baghdādī

Nazar

İstidlāl

İstidlāl bi-shāhid ale al-gāibAbdulkâhir el-Bağdâdî

nazar

istidlâl

istidlâl bi’ş-şâhid ale’l-gâib

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Muhammed Selim Durumlu

Yayıncı: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

Ana Başlıklar: Kelam

Dergi: Kilitbahir Issue 27, pp.19-33

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 9/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001358768

pISSN: 2687-2692

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Muhammed Selim Durumlu

Yayıncı:

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

Ana Başlıklar:

Kelam

Dergi:

Kilitbahir Issue 27, pp.19-33

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001358768

pISSN:

2687-2692